What Is Heat Transfer? Conduction, Convection, Radiation and FAQs (2024)

Any matter which is made up of atoms and molecules has the ability to transfer heat. The atoms are in different types of motion at any time. The motion of molecules and atoms is responsible for heat or thermal energy and every matter has this thermal energy. The more the motion of molecules, more will be the heat energy. However, talking about heat transfer, it is nothing but the process of transfer of heat from a high-temperature body to a low temperature one.

What is Heat Transfer?

According to thermodynamic systems, heat transfer is defined as

“The movement of heat across the border of the system due to a difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings.”

Interestingly, the difference in temperature is said to be a ‘potential’ that causes the transfer of heat from one point to another.

How is Heat Transferred?

Heat can travel from one place to another in several ways. The different modes of heat transfer include:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Meanwhile, if the temperature difference exists between the two systems, heat will find a way to transfer from the higher to the lower system.

What is Conduction?

Conduction is defined as

The process of transmission of energy from one particle of the medium to another with the particles being in direct contact with each other.

An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal energy towards the lower kinetic energy area. High-speed particles clash with particles moving at a slow speed, as a result, slow speed particles increase their kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat transfer and takes place through physical contact. Conduction is also known as thermal conduction or heat conduction.

Conduction Equation

The rate of conduction can be calculated by the following equation:

$\begin{array}{l}Q= \frac{[K.A.(T_{hot}-T_{cold})]}{d} \end{array} $

Where,

Q is the transfer of heat per unit time
K is the thermal conductivity of the body
A is the area of heat transfer
T_hot is the temperature of the hot region
T_cold is the temperature of the cold region
d is the thickness of the body

The coefficient of thermal conductivity shows that a metal body conducts heat better when it comes to conduction.

Conduction Examples

Following are the examples of conduction:

Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is conducted from the iron to the clothes.
Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting of an ice cube when held in hands.
Heat conduction through the sand at the beaches. This can be experienced during summers. Sand is a good conductor of heat.

What is Convection?

Convection is defined as

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to lower temperature regions.

Convection Equation

As the temperature of the liquid increases, the liquid’s volume also has to increase by the same factor and this effect is known as displacement. The equation to calculate the rate of convection is as follows:

Q = h_c∙ A ∙ (T_s– T_f)

Where,

Q is the heat transferred per unit time
h_c is the coefficient of convective heat transfer
A is the area of heat transfer
T_s is the surface temperature
T_f is the fluid temperature

Convection Examples

Examples of convection include:

Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser move at the bottom while the molecules which are less dense move upwards resulting in the circular motion of the molecules so that water gets heated.
Warm water around the equator moves towards the poles while cooler water at the poles moves towards the equator.
Blood circulation in warm-blooded animals takes place with the help of convection, thereby regulating the body temperature.

Learn more about Convection

What is Radiation?

Radiant heat is present in some or other form in our daily lives. Thermal radiations are referred to as radiant heat. Thermal radiation is generated by the emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves carry away the energy from the emitting body. Radiation takes place through a vacuum or transparent medium which can be either solid or liquid. Thermal radiation is the result of the random motion of molecules in matter. The movement of charged electrons and protons is responsible for the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Let us know more about radiation heat transfer.

Radiation heat transfer is measured by a device known as thermocouple. A thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature. In this device sometimes, error takes place while measuring the temperature through radiation heat transfer.

Radiation Equation

As temperature rises, the wavelength in the spectra of the radiation emitted decreases and shorter wavelengths radiations are emitted. Thermal radiation can be calculated by Stefan-Boltzmann law:

P = e ∙ σ ∙ A· (Tr – Tc)⁴

Where,

P is the net power of radiation
A is the area of radiation
Tr is the radiator temperature
Tc is the surrounding temperature
e is emissivity and σ is Stefan’s constant (σ = 5.67 × 10^-8Wm^-2K^-4

Radiation Example

Following are the examples of radiation:

Microwave radiation emitted in the oven is an example of radiation.
UV rays coming from the sun is an example of radiation.
The release of alpha particles during the decaying of Uranium-238 into Thorium-234 is an example of radiation.

Unit of Heat Transfer

SI system	Joule
MKS system	cal
Rate of transfer of heat	KW

To know more about heat transfer in detail, click on the video below.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What are the different modes of heat transfer?

The different modes of heat transfer are:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Give an example of radiation.

Example: UV rays coming from the sun.
Microwave radiation emitted in the oven.

What is the SI unit of heat?

SI unit of heat is Joules.

How is electromagnetic radiation emitted?

Electromagnetic radiations are emitted through the movement of charged electrons and protons.

What is the movement of molecules in fluids from higher temperature regions to lower temperature regions known as?

It is known as convection.

Test your knowledge on Heat transfer

Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button
Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

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Comments

Hana October 1, 2020 at 3:17 am

This was so good, thank you very much!

Swapan Kumar Mondal November 13, 2020 at 8:56 am

Very good writing sir

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')))}):d.click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var a=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(r)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(i)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(o,"","Comment")&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(n,"","City")&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(s,"","Grade");if(a&&MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified){jQuery(".cb-error-msg, .cb-success-msg").remove(),jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!0).text("Posting..."),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.isUserAlreadyLoggedIn=!0,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.isMobileAlreadyVerified=!0,MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken?DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization=MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken:(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),authToken=userFromStorage.authorization,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization=authToken),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.verifyKey||(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.verifyKey=userFromStorage.verifyKey),void 0===SESSION_ID&&(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionId=generateRandomID()),void 0===SESSION_ID_SECONDARY&&(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionIdSecondary=generateRandomID());var l={first_name:r.val(),mobile_number:t.val(),email_address:i.val(),category_type:"COMMENT",session_id:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionId,session_id_secondary:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionIdSecondary,grade:s.val(),city:n.val(),authorization:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization,currentUrl:C_URL,Website_URL:C_URL,Platform:void 0!==navigator.isMobile?navigator.isMobile?"website_mobile":"website_desktop":"",Lead_Magnet_Type:"LEAVE_A_COMMENT_FORM",Device_Details:void 0!==navigator.detectDeviceAgent?navigator.detectDeviceAgent:"",Device_UserAgent:void 0!==navigator.userAgent?navigator.userAgent:""},m=author_submit_form=email_submit_form=captcha_submit_form=!1;u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled","disabled").val("Posting...").addClass("post-class"),u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').removeClass("cb-error");var _=u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val().trim(),S=_.replace(/(<([^>]+)>)/gi,"_HTML_").trim(),A=S.split(" ").join("\n");A=A.replace(/^\s*(\[\s*url\s*=\s*)?(https?:\/\/)?(www\.|\S+?\.)(\S+?\.)?\S+\s*$\s*/gm,"_URL_").trim(),""===_||null==_?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('Please enter comment.').addClass("cb-error"):""===S||-1!==S.indexOf("_HTML_")?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('HTML tags are not allowed for comment.').addClass("cb-error"):""===A||-1!==A.indexOf("_URL_")?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('Any external links or urls are not allowed.').addClass("cb-error"):m=!0;var E={},p=jQuery("#data-comment-form"),v=p.serializeArray();if(jQuery.each(v,function(e,a){E[a.name]=a.value,"_wp_unfiltered_html_comment"===a.name&&null!==a.value&&(c=!0)}),!1===c)if(u.find('input[name="author"]').removeClass("cb-error"),u.find('input[name="email"]').removeClass("cb-error"),0!==u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').length){var I=u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').val().trim();""===I||null==I?u.find(".g-recaptcha").append('Please check the captcha form.'):captcha_submit_form=!0}else captcha_submit_form=!0;else author_submit_form=!0,email_submit_form=!0,captcha_submit_form=!0;m&&captcha_submit_form?(MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken?E.authorization=MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken:(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),authToken=userFromStorage.authorization,E.authorization=authToken),E.comment=S,E.author=r.val(),E.email=i.val(),E.mobileNumber=l.mobile_number,delete E.city,delete E.grade,E.ajax_comment_request=1,jQuery.post(BASE_URL+"wp-comments-post.php",E,function(e){if(u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled",!1).val("Post Comment").removeClass("post-class"),null!=e){var a=JSON.parse(e);"success"===a.status&&a.response?(c?addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"created Successfully"):(o.val(""),addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"created Successfully"),0!==u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').length&&grecaptcha.reset(),jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery("#cancel-comment-reply-link").click(),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Thanks! Your comment has been submitted successfully. It will take some time to appear on the page.')),r.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),i.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),s.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),n.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),c||jQuery.ajax({type:"POST",url:USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.userCreateUpdateUrl,data:l,success:function(e){setStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE",JSON.stringify(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS)),USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist=!0},error:function(e){console.log(e)}})):"invalid"===a.status&&a.response?(jQuery(d).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Invalid Comment or User posted too many Comments')):"failed"===a.status&&a.response?(jQuery(d).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Something went wrong, please refresh the page and try again')):(jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Invalid Comment or User posted too many Comments'))}else jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Something went wrong. Please try again after sometime.'),addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"creation Failed")})):u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled",!1).val("Post Comment").removeClass("post-class")}else USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(r),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(o,"","Comment "),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(n,"","City"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(s,"","Grade"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(i),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t)&&!MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified&&(a=!1,r.removeClass("input-valid").addClass("input-error"),r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),t.removeClass("input-valid").addClass("input-error"),t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),t.after('

Validate your Mobile Number

'))})),getInputAccordingSessionID(e,t,l,m,r,i,n,s),t.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(this)}),o.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(this,"","Comment ")}),r.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(this)}),i.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(this)}),s.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(this,"","Grade")}),n.on("input",function(){this.isValidInput=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation,this.requiredName="City";var e=jQuery(this);USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(e,"","City")}),n.on("change",function(){this.isValidInput=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation,this.requiredName="City";var e=jQuery(this);USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(e,"","City")})}}function addGAEvent(e,a){e?GA_FLAG&&ga("send","event","Post Comment Successful","Post Comment activity "+a+" By Existed User","URL: "+C_URL):GA_FLAG&&ga("send","event","Post Comment Successful","Post Comment activity "+a+" By New User","URL: "+C_URL)}function getInputAccordingSessionID(e,a,t,r,i,s,n,o){var d,l;if(null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")&&(d=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),l=d.sessionId,sessionIDSec=d.sessionIdSecondary,void 0!==l&&"undefined"!=typeof sessionIDSec)){var m={session_id:l,session_id_secondary:sessionIDSec};jQuery.ajax({type:"POST",url:USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.userChecBySessionIDUrl,data:m,success:function(e){e.success&&(a.val(e.data.mobile).attr("disabled",!0),t.addClass("hidden"),r.removeClass("hidden"),i.val(e.data.name).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),s.val(e.data.email).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),n.val(e.data.city).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),o.val(e.data.grade).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified=d.isMobileAlreadyVerified,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist=!0,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.userDetails=e.data)},error:function(e){console.log(e)}})}}var SESSION_ID,SESSION_ID_SECONDARY,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS={author:"",email:"",mobile:"",isUserAlreadyLoggedIn:!1,isMobileAlreadyVerified:!1,sessionId:"",sessionIdSecondary:"",authorization:"",verifyKey:""},USER_DETAILS_CONFIG={isUserAlreadyExist:!1,apis:{userChecBySessionIDUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/get_user_by_session_id_api/",userCheckUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/user_check_api/?wp-json_allow",userCreateUpdateUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/user_create_update_api/?wp-json_allow",city:{url:BCAP_API_BASE_URL+"api/geo_dimensions/india_state_city_list/?limit="+INDIA_STATE_CITY_LIST_LIMIT_VAL,method:"GET"}},userDetails:""},USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS={getParameterByName:function(e,a){a=a?"?"+a:window.location.search;var t=new RegExp("[?&]"+e.replace(/\[/g,"\\[").replace(/\]/g,"\\]")+"(?:=([^]*))?(?:[]|$)").exec(a);return t?t[1]?decodeURIComponent(t[1].replace(/\+/g," ")):"":null},requiredValidation:function(e,a,t){var r=jQuery(e),i=r.val(),s="";return r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),i&&null!==i||(s=t+" is required."),s?(r.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),r.after('

'+s+"

"),!1):(r.removeClass("input-error"),r.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},emailValidation:function(e,a){var t=jQuery(e),r=t.val(),i="",s=/^(([^<>()[\]\\.,;:\s@\"]+(\.[^<>()[\]\\.,;:\s@\"]+)*)|(\".+\"))@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,13}))$/;return t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),r&&null!==r?r.match(s)||(i="Email-id is not valid."):i="Email-id is required.",i?(t.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),t.after('

'+i+"

"),!1):(t.removeClass("input-error"),t.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},nameValiadation:function(e,a,t){var r=jQuery(e),i=r.val(),s=t||"Name",n="",o=/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z\-\ \.]{2,}$/i;return r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),n=i&&null!==i?i.length<=2?"Name should be minimum 3 characters.":i.match(o)?"":"Accepts alphabets only.":s+" is required.",n?(r.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),r.after('

'+n+"

"),!1):(r.removeClass("input-error"),r.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},phoneValidation:function(e,a){var t=jQuery(e),r=t.val(),i="",s=/^\d{10}$/,n=/^\d{1,10}$/;if(t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),r&&null!==r)if(r.match(n))r.match(s)||(i="Mobile No. should be 10 digits.");else{let e=t.val().replace(/[^0-9]+/g,"");t.val(e),i=t.val()?"Mobile No. should be 10 digits.":"Mobile No. is required."}else i="Mobile No. is required.";return i?(t.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),t.after('

'+i+"

"),!1):(t.removeClass("input-error"),t.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},ajaxCall:function(e,a,t,r){jQuery.ajax({type:e,url:a,crossDomain:!0,data:t,headers:{"content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},success:function(e){r&&r(e)},error:function(e){r&&r(e)}})},cities:[],cityAutoSuggestions:function(e){var a;USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.ajaxCall(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.city.method,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.city.url,"",function(e){e.results.length&&(a=e.results,USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities=e.results)});var t=jQuery("["+e+"]"),r=t.find("input");r.on("input",function(){0;var e=jQuery(this).val().toLowerCase(),i="";if(t.find("ul").remove(),e.length>=1){var s=jQuery.grep(a,function(a,t){return 0===a.city.toLowerCase().indexOf(e)});s.length&&(s.every(function(a,t){return i+='

'+a.city.toLowerCase().replace(e,""+e+"")+"

",6!==t}),t.append("

"+i+"

"))}t.find("ul>li>a").on("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),r.val(jQuery(this).text()),t.find("ul").remove(),0,r[0].isValidInput(r)})}),jQuery("body").on("click",function(){t.find("ul").remove(),0})},cityValidation:function(e,a,t){if(USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(e,a,t)){if(!USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities.length)return!0;if(USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities.filter(function(a){return a.city.toLocaleLowerCase()==e.val()}).length)return e.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),e.removeClass("input-error"),e.addClass("input-valid"),!0;e.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),e.after('

Should be selected from the list

')}return!1}};(function(){if(jQuery("#data-comment-form").length>0){commentForm("COMMENT");var e=jQuery("[data-name-field]"),a=jQuery("[data-email-field]"),t=jQuery("[data-grade-fg]"),r=jQuery("[data-city-fg]");e.length>0&&a.length>0&&phoneNumberValidation("#data-comment-form",e,a,t,r,"COMMENT"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityAutoSuggestions("data-city-auto-suggestions-comment")}})(),window.onbeforeunload=function(){null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")&&clearLocalStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE"),null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE_expiresIn")&&clearLocalStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE_expiresIn")};

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