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1 Linear Relations and Functions Lesson - Analze relations and functions. Lessons - and -4 Identif, graph, and write lin...

Linear Relations and Functions • Lesson 2-1 Analyze relations and functions. • Lessons 2-2 and 2-4 Identify, graph, and write linear equations. • Lesson 2-3 Find the slope of a line. • Lesson 2-5 Draw scatter plots and find prediction equations. • Lessons 2-6 and 2-7 Graph special functions, linear inequalities, and absolute value inequalities.

Key Vocabulary • • • • •

linear equation (p. 63) linear function (p. 63) slope (p. 68) slope-intercept form (p. 75) point-slope form (p. 76)

Linear equations can be used to model relationships between many real-world quantities. One of the most common uses of a linear model is to make predictions. Most hot springs are the result of groundwater passing through or near recently formed, hot, igneous rocks. Iceland, Yellowstone Park in the United States, and North Island of New Zealand are noted for their hot springs. You will use a linear equation to find the temperature of underground rocks in Lesson 2-2.

54 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Prerequisite Skills To be successful in this chapter, you’ll need to master these skills and be able to apply them in problem-solving situations. Review these skills before beginning Chapter 2. For Lesson 2-1

Identify Points on a Coordinate Plane

Write the ordered pair for each point. 1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

6. F

B D

F E

For Lesson 2-1

Evaluate Expressions

Evaluate each expression if a 1, b 3, c 2, and d 0. (For review, see Lesson 1-1.) 7. c d

8. 4c b

9. a2 5a 3 ac 12.

ab 11.

10. 2b2 b 7

For Lesson 2-4

Simplify Expressions

Simplify each expression. (For review, see Lesson 1-2.) 13. x (1)

14. x (5)

15. 2[x (3)]

16. 4[x (2)]

1 17. [x (4)]

1 18. [x (6)]

For Lessons 2-6 and 2-7

Evaluate Expressions with Absolute Value

Evaluate each expression if x = 3, y = 4, and z = 4.5. (For review, see Lesson 1-4.) 19. x

20. y

21. 5x

22. 2z

23. 5y z

24. 3x y x z

Relations and Functions Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with two sheets of grid paper. Fold Fold in half along the width and staple along the fold.

Cut and Label Cut the top three sheets and label as shown.

Graphing Graphing Linear Linear Relations Functions

Reading and Writing As you read and study the chapter, write notes, examples, and graphs under the tabs.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 55

Relations and Functions • Analyze and graph relations. • Find functional values.

The table shows the average lifetime and maximum lifetime for some animals. The data can also be represented as ordered pairs . The ordered pairs for the data are (12, 28), (15, 30), (8, 20), (12, 20), and (20, 50). The first number in each ordered pair is the average lifetime, and the second number is the maximum lifetime. (12, 28) ←

average lifetime

←

• ordered pair • Cartesian coordinate plane • quadrant • relation • domain • range • function • mapping • one-to-one function • vertical line test • independent variable • dependent variable • functional notation

do relations and functions apply to biology?

maximum lifetime

Animal

Average Lifetime (years)

Maximum Lifetime (years)

Cat

Cow

Deer

Dog

Horse

Source: The World Almanac

GRAPH RELATIONS You can graph the ordered pairs above on a coordinate system with two axes. Remember that each point in the coordinate plane can be named by exactly one ordered pair and that every ordered pair names exactly one point in the coordinate plane. The graph of the animal lifetime data lies in only one part of the Cartesian coordinate plane—the part with all positive numbers. The Cartesian coordinate plane is composed of the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical), which meet at the origin (0, 0) and divide the plane into four quadrants. The points on the two

Animal Lifetimes Maximum Lifetime

Vocabulary

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

5 10 15 20 25 Average Lifetime

axes do not lie in any quadrant.

In general, any ordered pair in the coordinate plane can be written in the form (x, y).

Study Tip Reading Math An x-coordinate is sometimes called an abscissa, and a y-coordinate is sometimes called an ordinate. 56

A relation is a set of ordered pairs, such as the one for the longevity of animals. The domain of a relation is the set of all first coordinates (x-coordinates) from the ordered pairs, and the range is the set of all second coordinates (y-coordinates) from the ordered pairs. The graph of a relation is the set of points in the coordinate plane corresponding to the ordered pairs in the relation.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Quadrant II

Quadrant I y-axis x -coordinate (3, 2) origin y -coordinate O

Quadrant III

x-axis

Quadrant IV

Assume that each square on a graph represents 1 unit unless otherwise labeled.

{(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)} Domain Range

A function is a special type of relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of the range. A mapping shows how each member of the domain is paired with each member of the range. The first two relations shown below are functions. The third relation is not a function because the 3 in the domain is paired with both 0 and 6 in the range. A function like the first one below, where each element of the range is paired with exactly one element of the domain, is called a one-to-one function.

3 0 2

1 2 4

Functions {(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)} Range

Domain 3 0 2

{(1, 5), (1, 3), (4, 5)} Range

Domain 1 1 4

1 2 4

one-to-one function

{(5, 6), (3, 0), (1, 1), (3, 6)} Domain Range 3 1 5

3 5

function, not one-to-one

0 1 6

not a function

Example 1 Domain and Range y

State the domain and range of the relation shown in the graph. Is the relation a function?

(4, 3)

The relation is {(4, 3), (1, 2), (0, 4), (2, 3), (3, 3)}. The domain is {4, 1, 0, 2, 3}. The range is {4, 3, 2, 3}.

(2, 3)

O (1, 2)

Each member of the domain is paired with exactly one member of the range, so this relation is a function.

(3, 3)

(0, 4)

You can use the vertical line test to determine whether a relation is a function.

Vertical Line Test • Words

• Models

If no vertical line intersects a graph in more than one point, the graph represents a function.

If some vertical line intersects a graph in two or more points, the graph does not represent a function.

In Example 1, there is no vertical line that contains more than one of the points. Therefore, the relation is a function. Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 57

Example 2 Vertical Line Test GEOGRAPHY The table shows the population of the state of Indiana over the last several decades. Graph this information and determine whether it represents a function.

Population of Indiana

Study Tip You can use a pencil to represent a vertical line. Slowly move the pencil to the right across the graph to see if it intersects the graph at more than one point.

Population (millions)

Vertical Line Test

6.1

5.5

6 5 3 2

5.2

Population (millions)

1950

3.9

1960

4.7

1970

5.2

1980

5.5

1990

5.5

2000

6.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

4.7

Year

Use the vertical line test. Notice that no vertical line can be drawn that contains more than one of the data points. Therefore, this relation is a function. Notice also

5.5

3.9

0 ’50 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 ’00 Year

that each year is paired with only one population value.

EQUATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Relations and functions can also be represented by equations. The solutions of an equation in x and y are the set of ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true. Consider the equation y 2x 6. Since x can be any real number, the domain has an infinite number of elements. To determine whether an equation represents a function, it is often simplest to look at the graph of the relation.

Example 3 Graph Is a Line a. Graph the relation represented by y 2x 1. Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that satisfy the equation. Choose values for x and find the corresponding values for y. Then graph the ordered pairs. x

←

x 0

y (2, 5) (1, 3) (0, 1) (1, 1)

b. Find the domain and range. Since x can be any real number, there is an infinite number of ordered pairs that can be graphed. All of them lie on the line shown. Notice that every real number is the x-coordinate of some point on the line. Also, every real number is the y-coordinate of some point on the line. So the domain and range are both all real numbers. c. Determine whether the relation is a function. This graph passes the vertical line test. For each x value, there is exactly one y value, so the equation y 2x 1 represents a function. 58

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Example 4 Graph Is a Curve a. Graph the relation represented by x y2 2. Make a table. In this case, it is easier to choose y values and then find the corresponding values for x. Then sketch the graph, connecting the points with a smooth curve. y

(1, 1)

←

(1, 1)

(2, 2)

(2, 0)

x (2,2)

b. Find the domain and range. Every real number is the y-coordinate of some point on the graph, so the range is all real numbers. But, only real numbers greater than or equal to 2 are x-coordinates of points on the graph. So the domain is {xx 2}.

Study Tip Reading Math Suppose you have a job that pays by the hour. Since your pay depends on the number of hours you work, you might say that your pay is a function of the number of hours you work.

c. Determine whether the relation is a function. You can see from the table and the vertical line test that there are two y values for each x value except x 2. Therefore, the equation x y2 2 does not represent a function. When an equation represents a function, the variable, usually x, whose values make up the domain is called the independent variable . The other variable, usually y, is called the dependent variable because its values depend on x. Equations that represent functions are often written in functional notation. The equation y 2x 1 can be written as f(x) 2x 1. The symbol f(x) replaces the y and is read “f of x.” The f is just the name of the function. It is not a variable that is multiplied by x. Suppose you want to find the value in the range that corresponds to the element 4 in the domain of the function. This is written as f(4) and is read “f of 4.” The value f(4) is found by substituting 4 for each x in the equation. Therefore, f(4) = 2(4) + 1 or 9. Letters other than f can be used to represent a function. For example, g(x) 2x 1.

TEACHING TIP

Example 5 Evaluate a Function Given f(x) x2 2 and g(x) 0.5x2 5x 3.5, find each value. a. f(3) f(x) x2 2

Original function

f(3) (3)2 2

Substitute.

9 2 or 11

Simplify.

b. g(2.8) g(x) 0.5x2 5x 3.5 g(2.8)

0.5(2.8)2

Original function

5(2.8) 3.5 Estimate: g(3) 0.5(3)2 5(3) 3.5 or 7

3.92 14 3.5

Multiply.

6.58

Compare with the estimate.

c. f(3z) f(x) x2 2 f(3z)

(3z)2 9z2

Original function

2 Substitute.

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples

(ab)2 = a2b2 Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 59

Concept Check

1. OPEN ENDED Write a relation of four ordered pairs that is not a function. 2. Copy the graph at the right. Then draw a vertical line that shows that the graph does not represent a function.

3. FIND THE ERROR Teisha and Molly are finding g(2a) for the function g(x) x2 x 1.

Teisha

Molly

g(2a) = 2(a2 + a – 1) = 2a2 + 2a – 2

g(2a) = (2a)2 + 2a – 1 = 4a2 + 2a – 1

Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no. 4.

3 2 6

1 5

x 5

(1 , 4) (2, 3) (2, 2) (3 , 1)

Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation or equation is a function. 7. {(7, 8), (7, 5), (7, 2), (7, 1)}

8. {(6, 2.5), (3, 2.5), (4, 2.5)}

9. y 2x 1

10. x y2

11. Find f(5) if f(x) x2 3x.

Application

12. Find h(2) if h(x) x3 1.

WEATHER For Exercises 13–16, use the table of record high temperatures (°F) for January and July. 13. Identify the domain and range. Assume that the January temperatures are the domain. 14. Write a relation of ordered pairs for the data. 15. Graph the relation.

City

Jan.

July

Sacramento

114

San Diego

San Francisco

105

Los Angeles

Source: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

16. Is this relation a function? Explain.

Practice and Apply Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no. For Exercises

See Examples

17–28 29–32 33, 34 35–45, 55 46–54, 56

1, 2 3 4 2 5

Extra Practice See page 830.

17.

10 20 30

20.

1 2 3

2000

$4000

2001

$4300

2002

$4000

2003

$4500

60 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

18.

1 3 5 7

2 1

21.

19.

0.5

0.8

0.5

22.

O O

Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation or equation is a function. 23. {(2, 1), (3, 0), (1, 5)}

24. {(4, 5), (6, 5), (3, 5)}

25. {(2, 5), (3, 7), (2, 8)}

26. {(3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5), (5, 6)}

27. {(0, 1.1), (2, 3), (1.4, 2), (3.6, 8)}

28. {(2.5, 1), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1)}

29. y 5x

30. y 3x

31. y 3x 4

32. y 7x 6

33. y

34. x 2y2 3

SPORTS For Exercises 35–37, use the table that shows the leading home run and runs batted in totals in the American League for 1996–2000. 1996 1997

1998

1999 2000 Year 1996 1997

1998

1999

2000

RBI

148

147

157

165

145

Source: The World Almanac

35. Make a graph of the data with home runs on the horizontal axis and runs batted in on the vertical axis. 36. Identify the domain and range. 37. Does the graph represent a function? Explain your reasoning.

Sports The major league record for runs batted in (RBIs) is 191 by Hack Wilson. Source: www.baseballalmanac.com

FINANCE For Exercises 38–41, use the table that shows a company’s stock price in recent years.

Year

Price

1997

$39

1998

$43

1999

$48

40. Identify the domain and range.

2000

$55

41. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning.

2001

$61

2002

$52

38. Write a relation to represent the data. 39. Graph the relation.

GOVERNMENT For Exercises 42–45, use the table below that shows the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives with 30 or more consecutive years of service in Congress from 1987 to 1999. Year Representatives 12

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Source: Congressional Directory

42. Write a relation to represent the data. 43. Graph the relation. 44. Identify the domain and range. 45. Is the relation a function? If so, is it a one-to-one function? Explain. Find each value if f(x) 3x 5 and g(x) x2 x. 46. f(3)

47. g(3)

48. g

49. f

50. f(a)

51. g(5n)

2 3

1 3

52. Find the value of f(x) 3x + 2 when x 2. 53. What is g(4) if g(x) x2 5?

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz

Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 61

54. HOBBIES Chaz has a collection of 15 CDs. After he gets a part-time job, he decides to buy 3 more CDs every time he goes to the music store. The function C(t) 15 3t counts the number of CDs, C(t), he has after t trips to the music store. How many CDs will he have after he has been to the music store 8 times? 55. CRITICAL THINKING If f(3a 1) 12a 7, find f(x). 56. WRITING IN MATH

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

How do relations and functions apply to biology? Include the following in your answer: • an explanation of how a relation can be used to represent data, and • a sentence that includes the words average lifetime, maximum lifetime, and function.

Standardized Test Practice

57. If f(x) 2x 5, then f(0) A

5 . 2

x2 2x 1.

x2 x.

58. If g(x) = x2, then g(x 1) A

Extending the Lesson

x2 1.

A function whose graph consists of disconnected points is called a discrete function. A function whose graph you can draw without lifting your pencil is called a continuous function. Determine whether each function is discrete or continuous. 59.

60.

f (x )

x O

62. y x 4

61. {(3, 0), (1, 1), (1, 3)}

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6) 63. y 1 7

64. 5 m  1

65. x 5 0.1

SHOPPING For Exercises 66 and 67, use the following information. Javier had $25.04 when he went to the mall. His friend Sally had $32.67. Javier wanted to buy a shirt for $27.89. (Lesson 1-3) 66. How much money did he have to borrow from Sally to buy the shirt? 67. How much money did that leave Sally? Simplify each expression. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2) 68. 32(22 12) 42

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

69. 3(5a 6b) 8(2a b)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution. (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-3.)

70. x 3 2 62 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

71. 4 2y 0

1 2

72. 0 x 3

1 73. x 4 1 3

Linear Equations • Identify linear equations and functions. • Write linear equations in standard form and graph them.

Vocabulary • • • • •

linear equation linear function standard form y-intercept x-intercept

do linear equations relate to time spent studying? y

Lolita has 4 hours after dinner to study and do homework. She has brought home math and chemistry. If she spends x hours on math and y hours on chemistry, a portion of the graph of the equation x y 4 can be used to relate how much time she spends on each.

xy4

TEACHING TIP

IDENTIFY LINEAR EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS An equation such as x y 4 is called a linear equation. A linear equation has no operations other than addition, subtraction, and multiplication of a variable by a constant. The variables may not be multiplied together or appear in a denominator. A linear equation does not contain variables with exponents other than 1. The graph of a linear equation is always a line. Linear equations

Not linear equations

5x 3y 7

7a 4b2 8

y x5

6s 3t 15

x xy 1 1 x

1 2

y x

A linear function is a function whose ordered pairs satisfy a linear equation. Any linear function can be written in the form f(x) mx b, where m and b are real numbers.

Example 1 Identify Linear Functions State whether each function is a linear function. Explain. a. f(x) 10 5x

This is a linear function because it can be written as f(x) 5x 10. m 5, b 10

b. g(x) x4 5

This is not a linear function because x has an exponent other than 1.

c. h(x, y) 2xy

This is not a linear function because the two variables are multiplied together. Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 63

Example 2 Evaluate a Linear Function MILITARY In August 2000, the Russian submarine Kursk sank to a depth of 350 feet in the Barents Sea. The linear function P(d) 62.5d 2117 can be used to find the pressure (lb/ft2) at a depth of d feet below the surface of the water. a. Find the pressure at a depth of 350 feet. P(d) 62.5d 2117

Original function

P(350) 62.5(350) 2117 Substitute. 23,992

Simplify.

The pressure at a depth of 350 feet is about 24,000 lb/ft2.

Military To avoid decompression sickness, it is recommended that divers ascend no faster than 30 feet per minute. Source: www.emedicine.com

b. The term 2117 in the function represents the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the water. How many times as great is the pressure at a depth of 350 feet as the pressure at the surface? Divide the pressure 350 feet below the surface by the pressure at the surface. 23,992 11.33 2117

Use a calculator.

The pressure at that depth is more than 11 times as great as the pressure at the surface.

STANDARD FORM Any linear equation can be written in standard form,

Ax By C, where A, B, and C are integers whose greatest common factor is 1.

Standard Form of a Linear Equation The standard form of a linear equation is Ax By C, where A 0, A and B are not both zero.

Example 3 Standard Form Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. a. y 2x 3 y 2x 3 2x y 3

Original equation Add 2x to each side.

So, A 2, B 1, and C 3. 3 5

b. x 3y 2 3 5

x 3y 2 Original equation 3 5

x 3y 2 3x 15y 10

Subtract 3y from each side. Multiply each side by 5 so that the coefficients are integers and A 0.

So, A 3, B 15, and C 10. c. 3x 6y 9 0 3x 6y 9 0 Original equation 3x 6y 9 x 2y 3

Add 9 to each side. Divide each side by 3 so that the coefficients have a GCF of 1.

So, A 1, B 2, and C 3. 64

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Study Tip Vertical and Horizontal Lines An equation of the form x C represents a vertical line, which has only an x-intercept. y C represents a horizontal line, which has only a y-intercept.

In Lesson 2-1, you graphed an equation or function by making a table of values, graphing enough ordered pairs to see a pattern, and connecting the points with a line or smooth curve. Since two points determine a line, there are quicker ways to graph a linear equation or function. One way is to find the points at which the graph intersects each axis and connect them with a line. The y-coordinate of the point at which a graph crosses the y-axis is called the y-intercept. Likewise, the x-coordinate of the point at which it crosses the x-axis is the x-intercept .

Example 4 Use Intercepts to Graph a Line Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x 4y 12 0. Then graph the equation. The x-intercept is the value of x when y 0.

TEACHING TIP

3x 4y 12 0

Original equation

3x 4(0) 12 0

Substitute 0 for y.

3x 12 x 4

Subtract 12 from each side. Divide each side by 3.

The x-intercept is 4. The graph crosses the x-axis at (4, 0). Likewise, the y-intercept is the value of y when x 0. 3x 4y 12 0

Original equation

3(0) 4y 12 0

Substitute 0 for x.

4y 12 Subtract 12 from each side. y3

(0, 3) (4, 0)

Divide each side by 4.

The y-intercept is 3. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 3).

Use these ordered pairs to graph the equation.

Concept Check

x2 2

1. Explain why f(x) is a linear function. 2. Name the x- and y-intercepts of the graph shown at the right. O

3. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with an x-intercept of 2.

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain your reasoning. 4. x2 y2 4

5. h(x) 1.1 2x

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. 6. y 3x 5

7. 4x 10y 6

2 3

8. y x 1

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph the equation. 9. y 3x 5 11. 3x 2y 6

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples

10. x y 2 0 12. 4x 8y 12 Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 65

Application

ECONOMICS For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information. On January 1, 1999, the euro became legal tender in 11 participating countries in Europe. Based on the exchange rate on March 22, 2001, the linear function d(x) 0.8881x could be used to convert x euros to U.S. dollars. 13. On that date, what was the value in U.S. dollars of 200 euros? 14. On that date, what was the value in euros of 500 U.S. dollars?

Online Research Data Update How do the dollar and the euro compare today? Visit www.algebra2.com/data_update to convert among currencies. Practice and Apply State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain your reasoning. For Exercises

See Examples

15–24 25, 26 27–38 39–52 53–60

1 2 3 4 2, 4

Extra Practice See page 830.

15. x y 5

1 16. 3y 5

17. x y 4

18. h(x) 2x3 4x2 5

2 x

19. g(x) 10 2

20. f(x) 6x 19

21. f(x) 7x5 x 1

22. y 2x 5

23. Which of the equations x 9y 7, x2 5y 0, and y 3x 1 is not linear? 24. Which of the functions f(x) 2x 4, g(x) 7, and h(x) x3 x2 3x is not linear? PHYSICS For Exercises 25 and 26, use the following information. When a sound travels through water, the distance y in meters that the sound travels in x seconds is given by the equation y 1440x. 25. How far does a sound travel underwater in 5 seconds? 26. In air, the equation is y 343x. Does sound travel faster in air or water? Explain. Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. 27. y 3x 4

28. y 12x

29. x 4y 5

30. x 7y 2

31. 5y 10x 25

32. 4x 8y 12

1 1 33. x y 6

1 1 34. x y 2

35. 0.5x 3

36. 0.25y 10

3 3 1 3 5 37. x y 15 10 6

38. 0.25x 0.1 0.2y

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph the equation. 39. 5x 3y 15

40. 2x 6y 12

41. 3x 4y 10 0

42. 2x + 5y 10 0

43. y x

44. y 4x 2

45. y 2

46. y 4

47. x 8

48. x 1

49. f(x) 4x 1

50. g(x) 0.5x 3

CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises 51 and 52, use x y 0, x y 5, and x y 5. 51. Graph the equations on a coordinate plane. Compare and contrast the graphs. 52. Write a linear equation whose graph is between the graphs of x y 0 and x y 5. 66 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

GEOLOGY For Exercises 53–55, use the following information. Suppose the temperature T (°C) below Earth’s surface is given by T(d) 35d 20, where d is the depth (km). 53. Find the temperature at a depth of 2 kilometers. 54. Find the depth if the temperature is 160°C. 55. Graph the linear function. FUND-RAISING For Exercises 56–59, use the following information. The Jackson Band Boosters sell beverages for $1.75 and candy for $1.50 at home games. Their goal is to have total sales of $525 for each game. 56. Write an equation that is a model for the different numbers of beverages and candy that can be sold to meet the goal. 57. Graph the equation.

Geology

58. Does this equation represent a function? Explain.

Geothermal energy from hot springs is being used for electricity in California, Italy, and Iceland.

59. If they sell 100 beverages and 200 pieces of candy, will the Band Boosters meet their goal? 60. GEOMETRY Find the area of the shaded region in the graph. (Hint: The area of a trapezoid is given by

y y x 5

1 2

A h(b1 b2).) 61. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

x O

How do linear equations relate to time spent studying? Include the following in your answer: • why only the part of the graph in the first quadrant is shown, and • an interpretation of the graph’s intercepts in terms of the amount of time Lolita spends on each subject.

Standardized Test Practice

62. Which function is linear? A

f(x) x2

g(x) 2.7

g(x) x1 D

f(x) 9 x2

63. What is the y-intercept of the graph of 10 x 2y? A

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

State the domain and range of each relation. Then graph the relation and determine whether it is a function. (Lesson 2-1) 64. {(1, 5), (1, 3), (2, 4), (4, 3)}

65. {(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (1, 0)}

Solve each inequality. (Lesson 1-6) 67. x 4 2

66. 2 3x 1 7

68. TAX Including a 6% sales tax, a paperback book costs $8.43. What is the price before tax? (Lesson 1-3) Simplify each expression. (Lesson 1-1) 69. (9s 4) 3(2s 6)

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

70. [19 (8 1)] 3

BASIC SKILL Find the reciprocal of each number. 72. 4

71. 3 1 5

75.

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz

3 4

76. 3

1 73.

74.

77. 2.5

78. 1.25

2 3

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 67

Slope • Find and use the slope of a line. • Graph parallel and perpendicular lines.

does slope apply to the steepness of roads?

Vocabulary • • • • •

slope rate of change family of graphs parent graph oblique

The grade of a road is a percent that measures the steepness of the road. It is found by dividing the amount the road rises by the corresponding horizontal distance.

rise

horizontal distance

SLOPE The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in

y-coordinates to the corresponding change in x-coordinates. The slope measures how steep a line is. Suppose a line passes through points at (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

y 2 y1

change in y-coordinates slope change in x-coordinates y2 y1 x2 x1

Study Tip Slope The formula for slope is often remembered as rise over run, where the rise is the difference in y-coordinates and the run is the difference in x-coordinates.

x 2 x1 (x , y ) 2 2 (x , y ) 1 1 O

The slope of a line is the same, no matter what two points on the line are used.

Slope of a Line • Words

The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the change in x-coordinates.

• Symbols The slope m of the line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given y2 y1 , where x1 x2. by m x2 x1

Example 1 Find Slope Find the slope of the line that passes through (1, 4) and (1, 2). Then graph the line. y y x2 x1

Slope formula

2 4 1 (1)

(x1, y1) (1, 4), (x2, y2) (1, 2)

2 1 m

TEACHING TIP

6 2

or 3 Simplify.

(1, 4)

x (1,2)

The slope of the line is 3. Graph the two ordered pairs and draw the line. Use the slope to check your graph by selecting any point on the line. Then go down 3 units and right 1 unit or go up 3 units and left 1 unit. This point should also be on the line. 68 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Example 2 Use Slope to Graph a Line

2 3

Graph the line passing through (4, 3) with a slope of . O

x (1, 1)

Graph the ordered pair (4, 3). Then, according to the slope, go up 2 units and right 3 units. Plot the new point at (1, 1). You can also go right 3 units and then up 2 units to

(4, 3)

plot the new point.

Draw the line containing the points.

The slope of a line tells the direction in which it rises or falls.

If the line rises to the right, then the slope is positive. y

If the line is horizontal, then the slope is zero.

(3, 3)

If the line falls to the right, then the slope is negative.

y (3, 2)

(3, 2)

(0, 3)

If the line is vertical, then the slope is undefined.

y (2, 3)

x O

(2, 2)

3 (2) m 3 (2) 1

22 m 3 (3) 0

03 m 30 1

(3, 0)

x O (2, 2)

x1 x2, so m is undefined.

Slope is often referred to as rate of change . It measures how much a quantity changes, on average, relative to the change in another quantity, often time.

Example 3 Rate of Change

Log on for: • Updated data • More activities on rate of change www.algebra2. com/usa_today

TRAVEL Refer to the graph at the right. Find the rate of change of the number of people taking cruises from 1985 to 2000. y y x2 x1

2 1 m

USA TODAY Snapshots® Cruises grow in popularity The number of North Americans taking cruises, by year:

Slope formula Millions

6.9 2.2 2000 1985

Substitute.

0.31

Simplify.

6.9

8 6 4

Between 1985 and 2000, the number of people taking cruises increased at an average rate of about 0.31(1,000,000) or 310,000 people per year.

2.2

0 1985

2000

Source: Cruise Lines International Association By Hilary Wasson and Quin Tian, USA TODAY

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Lesson 2-3 Slope 69

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES A family of graphs is a group of graphs that displays one or more similar characteristics. The parent graph is the simplest of the graphs in a family. A graphing calculator can be used to graph several graphs in a family on the same screen.

Lines with the Same Slope The calculator screen shows the graphs of y 3x, y 3x 2, y 3x 2, and y 3x 5. Think and Discuss

1. Identify the parent function and describe the family of graphs. What is similar about the graphs? What is different about the graphs? [4, 4] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1 2. Find the slope of each line. 3. Write another function that has the same characteristics as this family of graphs. Check by graphing.

In the Investigation, you saw that lines that have the same slope are parallel. These and other similar examples suggest the following rule.

Parallel Lines Study Tip

• Words In a plane, nonvertical lines

• Model

with the same slope are parallel. All vertical lines are parallel.

Horizontal Lines All horizontal lines are parallel because they all have a slope of 0.

y same slope O

Example 4 Parallel Lines Graph the line through (1, 3) that is parallel to the line with equation x 4y 4. The x-intercept is 4, and the y-intercept is 1. Use the intercepts to graph x 4y 4. The line falls 1 unit for every 4 units it moves to the 1 4

right, so the slope is .

y (3, 2)

(1, 3)

x 4y 4

Now use the slope and the point at (1, 3) to graph the line parallel to the graph of x 4y 4. The figure at the right shows the graphs of two lines that are perpendicular. You know that parallel lines have the same slope. What is the relationship between the slopes of two perpendicular lines? slope of line AB

slope of line CD

3 1 4 2 or 4 2 6 3

4 2 6 3 or 1 (3) 4 2

The slopes are opposite reciprocals of each other. This relationship is true in general. When you multiply the slopes of two perpendicular lines, the product is always 1. 70 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

C (3, 2)

A (2, 1)

B (4, 3)

D (1, 4)

Study Tip Reading Math An oblique line is a line that is neither horizontal nor vertical.

Perpendicular Lines • Words

In a plane, two oblique lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is 1.

• Model

slope m 1

x O slope m 2

• Symbols Suppose m1 and m2 are

the slopes of two oblique lines. Then the lines are perpendicular if and only if 1 m1m2 1, or m1 . m2

Any vertical line is perpendicular to any horizontal line.

Example 5 Perpendicular Line Graph the line through (3, 1) that is perpendicular to the line with equation 2x 5y 10. y

The x-intercept is 5, and the y-intercept is 2. Use the intercepts to graph 2x 5y 10.

(1, 6)

The line falls 2 units for every 5 units it moves to the 2 5

right, so the slope is . The slope of the perpendicular 2 5

(3, 1)

5 2

line is the opposite reciprocal of , or .

Start at (3, 1) and go up 5 units and right 2 units. Use this point and (3, 1) to graph the line.

Concept Check

1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with slope 0. 2. Decide whether the statement below is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain. The slope of a line is a real number. 3. FIND THE ERROR Mark and Luisa are finding the slope of the line through (2, 4) and (1, 5). Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

Luisa

Mark 5–4 2 – (–1)

4–5 1 m = or –

1 3

m = or

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

2 – (–1)

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. 4. (1, 1), (3, 1)

5. (1, 0), (3, 2)

6. (3, 4), (1, 2)

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. 7. (2, 1), 3

3 2

8. (3, 4),

Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 9. passes through (0, 3), parallel to graph of 6y 10x 30 10. passes through (4, 2), perpendicular to graph of 3x 2y 6 11. passes through (1, 5), perpendicular to graph of 5x 3y 3 0 Lesson 2-3 Slope 71

Application

WEATHER For Exercises 12–14, use the table that shows the temperatures at different times on March 23, 2002. Time Temp (°F)

8:00 A.M.

10:00 A.M.

12:00 P.M.

2:00 P.M.

4:00 P.M.

12. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 8:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M.? 13. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 12:00 P.M. to 4:00 P.M.? 14. During what 2-hour period was the average rate of change of the temperature the least?

Practice and Apply Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. For Exercises

See Examples

15–30 31–36 37–42 43–52

1 2 3 4, 5

Extra Practice See page 830.

15. (6, 1), (8, 4)

16. (6, 8), (5, 5)

17. (6, 5), (4, 1)

18. (2, 7), (4, 1)

19. (7, 8), (1, 8)

20. (2, 3), (0, 5)

21. (2.5, 3), (1, 9)

22. (4, 1.5), (4, 4.5)

1 1 1 2 23. , , , 2 3 4 3

1 2 5 1 24. , , , 2 3

25. (a, 2), (a, 2)

6 4

26. (3, b), (5, b) 1 3

27. Determine the value of r so that the line through (6, r) and (9, 2) has slope . 28. Determine the value of r so that the line through (5, r) and (2, 3) has slope 2. ANCIENT CULTURES Mayan Indians of Mexico and Central America built pyramids that were used as their temples. Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to use as tombs for the pharohs. Estimate the slope that a face of each pyramid makes with its base. 30.

29.

The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán, Mexico, measures about 700 feet on each side of its square base and is about 210 feet high.

The Great Pyramid in Egypt measures 756 feet on each side of its square base and was originally 481 feet high.

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. 2 3

1 5

31. (2, 6), m

32. (3, 1), m

33. (3, 4), m 2

34. (1, 2), m 3

35. (6, 2), m 0

36. (2, 3), undefined

72 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

37. Find the average rate of change of the number of CDs shipped from 1991 to 2000. 38. Find the average rate of change of the number of cassette tapes shipped from 1991 to 2000.

CD and Tape Shipments Number (millions)

ENTERTAINMENT For Exercises 37–39, refer to the graph that shows the number of CDs and cassette tapes shipped by manufacturers to retailers in recent years.

1000 800

CDs

600 400

Cassettes

200 0 1991

1993

1995 1997 Year

1999

2001

Source: Recording Industry Association of America

39. Interpret the sign of your answer to Exercise 38. TRAVEL For Exercises 40–42, use the following information. Mr. and Mrs. Wellman are taking their daughter to college. The table shows their distance from home after various amounts of time.

Time (h)

Distance (mi)

40. Find the average rate of change of their distance from home between 1 and 3 hours after leaving home.

110

41. Find the average rate of change of their distance from home between 0 and 5 hours after leaving home.

165

42. What is another word for rate of change in this situation?

225

Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 43. passes through (2, 2), parallel to a line whose slope is 1

3 2

44. passes through (4, 1), perpendicular to a line whose slope is 45. passes through (3, 3), perpendicular to graph of y 3 46. passes through (2, 5), parallel to graph of x 4 47. passes through (2, 1), parallel to graph of 2x 3y 6 48. passes through origin, parallel to graph of x y 10 49. perpendicular to graph of 3x 2y 24, intersects that graph at its x-intercept 50. perpendicular to graph of 2x 5y 10, intersects that graph at its y-intercept 51. GEOMETRY Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(2, 1), B(1, 1), C(3, 2), and D(0, 4) is a rectangle. Explain. 52. CRITICAL THINKING If the graph of the equation ax 3y 9 is perpendicular to the graph of the equation 3x y 4, find the value of a. 53. WRITING IN MATH

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson. How does slope apply to the steepness of roads?

Include the following in your answer: • a few sentences explaining the relationship between the grade of a road and the slope of a line, and • a graph of y 0.08x, which corresponds to a grade of 8%. (A road with a grade of 6% to 8% is considered to be fairly steep. The scales on your x- and y-axes should be the same.)

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Lesson 2-3 Slope 73

Standardized Test Practice

54. What is the slope of the line shown in the graph at the right? A

3 2

2 3

3 2

55. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to a

1 line with slope ? 2 A

Graphing Calculator

1 2

FAMILY OF GRAPHS Use a graphing calculator to investigate each family of graphs. Explain how changing the slope affects the graph of the line. 56. y 2x 3, y 4x 3, y 8x 3, y x 3 57. y 3x 1, y x 1, y 5x 1, y 7x 1

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph the equation. (Lesson 2-2) 58. 2x 5y 20

59. 4x 3y 8 0

Find each value if f(x) 3x 4. (Lesson 2-1) 61. f(1)

62. f(3)

60. y 7x

63. f 1 2

64. f(a)

Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6) 65. 5 2x 7 13

66. 2z 5 1475

67. SCHOOL A test has multiple-choice questions worth 4 points each and truefalse questions worth 3 points each. Marco answers 14 multiple-choice questions correctly. How many true-false questions must he answer correctly to get at least 80 points total? (Lesson 1-5) Simplify.

(Lessons 1-1 and 1-2)

1 1 68. (15a 9b) (28b 84a) 3 7

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

69. 3 (21 7) 8 4

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation for y. (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-3.)

70. x y 9

71. 4x y 2

72. 3x y 7 0

73. 5x 2y 1 0

74. 3x 5y 4 0

75. 2x 3y 11 0

P ractice Quiz 1

Lessons 2–1 through 2–3

1. State the domain and range of the relation {(2, 5), (3, 2), (2, 1), (7, 4), (0, 2)}. (Lesson 2-1)

2. Find the value of f(15) if f(x) 100x 5x2. (Lesson 2-1) 3. Write y 6x 4 in standard form. (Lesson 2-2) 4. Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x 5y 30. Then graph the equation. (Lesson 2-2) 5. Graph the line that goes through (4, 3) and is parallel to the line whose equation is 2x 5y 10. (Lesson 2-3) 74 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Writing Linear Equations • Write an equation of a line given the slope and a point on the line. • Write an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line.

Vocabulary • slope-intercept form • point-slope form

do linear equations apply to business? When a company manufactures a product, they must consider two types of cost. There is the fixed cost, which they must pay no matter how many of the product they produce, and there is variable cost, which depends on how many of the product they produce. In some cases, the total cost can be found using a linear equation such as y 5400 1.37x.

FORMS OF EQUATIONS Consider the graph at the right. The line passes through A(0, b) and C(x, y). You can use these Notice that b is the y-intercept of AC. two points to find the slope of AC . Substitute the coordinates of points A and C into the slope formula. y2 y1 m x2 x1 yb x0 yb m x

C (x, y )

A (0, b )

Slope formula (x1, y1) (0, b), (x2, y2) (x, y) Simplify.

Now solve the equation for y. mx y b

Multiply each side by x.

mx b y

Add b to each side.

y mx b Symmetric Property of Equality When an equation is written in this form, it is in slope-intercept form .

Study Tip Slope-intercept Form

• Words

The slope-intercept form of the equation of a line is y mx b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. slope

←

• Symbols y mx b ←

The equation of a vertical line cannot be written in slope-intercept form because its slope is undefined.

Slope-Intercept Form of a Linear Equation • Model

y O

(0, b )

y mx b

y-intercept

If you are given the slope and y-intercept of a line, you can find an equation of the line by substituting the values of m and b into the slope-intercept form. For example, if you know that the slope of a line is 3 and the y-intercept is 4, the equation of the line is y 3x 4, or, in standard form, 3x y 4. You can also use the slope-intercept form to find an equation of a line if you know the slope and the coordinates of any point on the line. Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 75

Example 1 Write an Equation Given Slope and a Point 3

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that has a slope of and 2 passes through (4, 1). Substitute for m, x, and y in the slope-intercept form. y mx b

(4, 1)

Slope-intercept form 3

1 (4) b (x, y) (4, 1), m 23 3 2

16b

O 2

Simplify.

5 b

Subtract 6 from each side.

3 2

The y-intercept is 5. So, the equation in slope-intercept form is y x 5. If you are given the coordinates of two points on a line, you can use the point-slope form to find an equation of the line that passes through them.

Point-Slope Form of a Linear Equation the equation of a line is y y1 m(x x1), where (x1, y1) are the coordinates of a point on the line and m is the slope of the line.

←

y y1 m(x x1) ←

Standardized Test Practice

slope

• Symbols ←

• Words The point-slope form of

coordinates of point on line

Example 2 Write an Equation Given Two Points Multiple-Choice Test Item What is an equation of the line through (1, 4) and (4, 5)? A

1 3

11 3

y x

1 3

13 3

y x

1 3

13 3

y x

y 3x 1

Read the Test Item You are given the coordinates of two points on the line. Notice that the answer choices are in slope-intercept form. Solve the Test Item • First, find the slope of the line. y y x2 x1

2 1 m

Slope formula

54 4 (1)

(x1, y1) (1, 4), (x2, y2) (4, 5) 1 3

1 3

Simplify.

1 3

The slope is . That eliminates choices B and D.

Test-Taking Tip To check your answer, substitute each ordered pair into your answer. Each should satisfy the equation.

• Then use the point-slope form to find an equation. y y1 m(x x1) 1 3 1 1 y 4 x 3 3 1 11 y x 3 3

Point-slope form

y 4 [x (1)] m 31; you can use either point for (x1, y1).

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Distributive Property

The answer is A.

When changes in real-world situations occur at a linear rate, a linear equation can be used as a model for describing the situation.

Example 3 Write an Equation for a Real-World Situation SALES As a salesperson, Eric Fu is paid a daily salary plus commission. When his sales are $1000, he makes $100. When his sales are $1400, he makes $120. a. Write a linear equation to model this situation. Let x be his sales and let y be the amount of money he makes. Use the points (1000, 100) and (1400, 120) to make a graph to represent the situation.

160

Slope formula

120 100 1400 1000

(x1, y1) (1000, 100), (x2, y2) (1400, 120)

0.05

(1400, 120)

120

y y x2 x1

2 1 m

(1000, 100)

x 0

Simplify.

400 800 1200 1600

Now use the slope and either of the given points with the point-slope form to write the equation. y y1 m(x x1)

Point-slope form

y 100 0.05(x 1000) m 0.05, (x1, y1) (1000, 100) y 100 0.05x 50 y 0.05x 50

Distributive Property Add 100 to each side.

The slope-intercept form of the equation is y 0.05x 50. b. What are Mr. Fu’s daily salary and commission rate? The y-intercept of the line is 50. The y-intercept represents the money Eric would make if he had no sales. In other words, $50 is his daily salary.

Study Tip Alternative Method You could also find Mr. Fu’s salary in part c by extending the graph. Then find the y value when x is 2000.

The slope of the line is 0.05. Since the slope is the coefficient of x, which is his sales, he makes 5% commission. c. How much would he make in a day if Mr. Fu’s sales were $2000? Find the value of y when x 2000. y 0.05x 50 0.05(2000) 50

Use the equation you found in part a. Replace x with 2000.

100 50 or 150 Simplify. Mr. Fu would make $150 if his sales were $2000.

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES The slope-intercept and pointslope forms can be used to find equations of lines that are parallel or perpendicular to given lines.

Example 4 Write an Equation of a Perpendicular Line Write an equation for the line that passes through (4, 3) and is perpendicular to the line whose equation is y 4x 1. The slope of the given line is 4. Since the slopes of perpendicular lines are 1 4

opposite reciprocals, the slope of the perpendicular line is . (continued on the next page)

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Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 77

TEACHING TIP

Use the point-slope form and the ordered pair (4, 3) to write the equation. y y1 m(x x1) 1 4 1 y 3 x 1 4 1 y x 4 4

y y 4 x 1

Point-slope form

y 3 [x (4)] (x1, y1) (4, 3), m 41

Distributive Property Add 3 to each side.

1 4

An equation of the line is y x 4.

Concept Check

1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form. 2. Identify the slope and y-intercept of the line with equation y 6x. 3. Explain how to find the slope of a line parallel to the graph of 3x 5y 2.

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation. 4. y 2x 5

5. 3x 2y 10 0

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 6. slope 0.5, passes through (6, 4)

7. slope , passes through 2,

8. passes through (6, 1) and (8, 4)

9. passes through (3, 5) and (2, 2)

3 4

1 2

10. passes through (0, 2), perpendicular to the graph of y x 2 11. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the graph at the right.

Standardized Test Practice

y (0, 7)

12. What is an equation of the line through (2, 4) and (3, 1)? A C

3 5

26 5 3 26 y x 5 5

y x

B D

3 5

14 5 3 14 y x 5 5

y x

(4, 2) O

Practice and Apply State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation. For Exercises

See Examples

13–18, 21–28 19, 20, 29–34, 39, 40 35–38 41–52

1 2, 3 4 1–3

2 3

3 4

13. y x 4

14. y x

15. 2x 4y 10

16. 3x 5y 30 0

17. x 7

18. cx y d

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph. y y 19. 20. (2.5, 2)

Extra Practice See page 831.

(4, 3) O

x x

O (7, 2)

78 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph. 21.

22.

(0, 2) O

x x

O (0,4)

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 23. slope 3, passes through (0, 6)

24. slope 0.25, passes through (0, 4)

1 25. slope , passes through (1, 3) 2

26. slope , passes through (5, 1)

3 2

27. slope 0.5, passes through (2, 3)

28. slope 4, passes through the origin

29. passes through (2, 5) and (3, 1)

30. passes through (7, 1) and (7, 8)

31. passes through (4, 0) and (3, 0)

32. passes through (2, 3) and (0, 0)

33. x-intercept 4, y-intercept 4

34. x-intercept , y-intercept 2 3

1 3

1 4

35. passes through (4, 6), parallel to the graph of y x 5 1 4

36. passes through (2, 5), perpendicular to the graph of y x 7 1 5

37. passes through (6, 5), perpendicular to the line whose equation is 3x y 3 38. passes through (3, 1), parallel to the line that passes through (3, 3) and (0, 6) 39. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the points indicated in the table. 40. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through (2, 10), (2, 2), and (4, 2).

GEOMETRY For Exercises 41–43, use the equation d 180(c 2) that gives the total number of degrees d in any convex polygon with c sides. 41. Write this equation in slope-intercept form. 42. Identify the slope and d-intercept. 43. Find the number of degrees in a pentagon. 44. ECOLOGY A park ranger at Blendon Woods estimates there are 6000 deer in the park. She also estimates that the population will increase by 75 deer each year thereafter. Write an equation that represents how many deer will be in the park in x years. 45. BUSINESS Refer to the signs below. At what distance do the two stores charge the same amount for a balloon arrangement?

Conrad’s Balloon Bouquets $20 balloon arrangements Delivery: $3 per mile

The Balloon House $30 Balloon Arrangements $2 per mile delivery

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Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 79

SCIENCE For Exercises 46–48, use the information on temperatures at the left. 46. Write and graph the linear equation that gives the number y of degrees Fahrenheit in terms of the number x of degrees Celsius. 47. What temperature corresponds to 20°C? 48. What temperature is the same on both scales? TELEPHONES For Exercises 49 and 50, use the following information. Namid is examining the calling card portion of his phone bill. A 4-minute call at the night rate cost $2.65. A 10-minute call at the night rate cost $4.75. 49. Write a linear equation to model this situation.

Science Ice forms at a temperature of 0°C, which corresponds to a temperature of 32°F. A temperature of 100°C corresponds to a temperature of 212°F.

50. How much would it cost to talk for half an hour at the night rate? 51. CRITICAL THINKING Given ABC with vertices A(6, 8), B(6, 4), and C(6, 10), write an equation of the line containing the altitude from A. (Hint: The altitude from A is a segment that is perpendicular to BC .) 52. WRITING IN MATH

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

How do linear equations apply to business? Include the following in your answer: • the fixed cost and the variable cost in the equation y 5400 1.37x, where y is the cost for a company to produce x units of its product, and • the cost for the company to produce 1000 units of its product.

Standardized Test Practice

53. Find an equation of the line through (0, 3) and (4, 1). A

y x 3

yx3

y x 3

y x 1

54. Choose the equation of the line through , and , . 1 2

Extending the Lesson

1 2

y 2x

y 3x

3 2

1 1 2 2 5 y 2x 2

1 2

For Exercises 55 and 56, use the following information. x a

y b

The form 1 is known as the intercept form of the equation of a line because a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept. 55. Write the equation 2x y 5 0 in intercept form. 56. Identify the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of 2x y 5 0.

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. (Lesson 2-3) 57. (7, 2), (5, 6)

58. (1, 3), (3, 3)

59. (5, 0), (4, 0)

60. INTERNET A Webmaster estimates that the time (seconds) required to connect to the server when n people are connecting is given by t(n) 0.005n 0.3. Estimate the time required to connect when 50 people are connecting. (Lesson 2-2) Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6) 61. x 2 99

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

62. 4x 7 31

63. 2(r 4) 5 9

PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the median of each set of numbers. (To review finding a median, see pages 822 and 823.)

64. {3, 2, 1, 3, 4, 8, 4}

65. {9, 3, 7, 5, 6, 3, 7, 9}

66. {138, 235, 976, 230, 412, 466}

67. {2.5, 7.8, 5.5, 2.3, 6.2, 7.8}

80 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots • Draw scatter plots. • Find and use prediction equations.

Vocabulary • • • •

bivariate data scatter plot line of fit prediction equation

can a linear equation model the number of Calories you burn exercising? The table shows the number of Calories burned per hour by a 140-pound person running at various speeds. A linear function can be used to model these data.

Speed (mph)

Calories

5 6 7 8

508 636 731 858

SCATTER PLOTS Data with two variables, such as speed and Calories, is called bivariate data. A set of bivariate data graphed as ordered pairs in a coordinate plane is called a scatter plot. A scatter plot can show whether there is a relationship between the data.

Draw a Scatter Plot

Example 1

HOUSING The table below shows the median selling price of new, privatelyowned, one-family houses for some recent years. Make a scatter plot of the data. Year

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Price ($1000)

122.9

121.5

130.0

140.0

152.5

169.0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Choosing the Independent Variable Letting x be the number of years since the first year in the data set sometimes simplifies the calculations involved in finding a function to model the data.

Graph the data as ordered pairs, with the number of years since 1990 on the horizontal axis and the price on the vertical axis. Median House Prices

Price ($1000)

Study Tip

180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 0

4 6 Years Since 1990

PREDICTION EQUATIONS Except for (0, 122.9), the data in Example 1 appear to lie nearly on a straight line. When you find a line that closely approximates a set of data, you are finding a line of fit for the data. An equation of such a line is often called a prediction equation because it can be used to predict one of the variables given the other variable. Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 81

To find a line of fit and a prediction equation for a set of data, select two points that appear to represent the data well. This is a matter of personal judgment, so your line and prediction equation may be different from someone else’s.

Example 2 Find and Use a Prediction Equation Study Tip

HOUSING Refer to the data in Example 1.

Reading Math

a. Draw a line of fit for the data. How well does the line fit the data?

A data point that does not appear to belong with the rest of the set is called an outlier.

Ignore the point (0, 122.9) since it would not be close to a line that represents the rest of the data points. The points (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5) appear to represent the data well. Draw a line through these two points. Except for (0, 122.9), this line fits the data very well.

Price ($1000)

Median House Prices 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 0

4 6 Years Since 1990

b. Find a prediction equation. What do the slope and y-intercept indicate? Find an equation of the line through (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5). Begin by finding the slope. y y x2 x1

2 1 m

Slope formula

152.5 130.0 84

Study Tip

Substitute.

Reading Math

5.63

When you are predicting for an x value greater than any in the data set, the process is known as extrapolation. When you are predicting for an x value between the least and greatest in the data set, the process is known as interpolation.

Simplify.

y y1 m(x x1)

Point-slope form

y 130.0 5.63(x 4)

m 5.63, (x1, y1) (4, 130.0)

y 130.0 5.63x 22.52

Distributive Property

y 5.63x 107.48

Add 130.0 to each side.

One prediction equation is y 5.63x 107.48. The slope indicates that the median price is increasing at a rate of about $5630 per year. The y-intercept indicates that, according to the trend of the rest of the data, the median price in 1990 should have been about $107,480. c. Predict the median price in 2010. The year 2010 is 20 years after 1990, so use the prediction equation to find the value of y when x 20. y 5.63x 107.48

Prediction equation

5.63(20) 107.48 x 20

TEACHING TIP

220.08

Simplify.

The model predicts that the median price in 2010 will be about $220,000. d. How accurate is the prediction? Except for the outlier, the line fits the data very well, so the predicted value should be fairly accurate.

82 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Head versus Height

Study Tip

Collect the Data

Outliers

• Collect data from several of your classmates. Use a tape measure to measure the circumference of each person’s head and his or her height. Record the data as ordered pairs of the form (height, circumference).

If your scatter plot includes points that are far from the others on the graph, check your data before deciding it is an outlier. You may have made a graphing or recording mistake.

Analyze the Data

1. Graph the data in a scatter plot. 2. Choose two ordered pairs and write a prediction equation. 3. Explain the meaning of the slope in the prediction equation. Make a Conjecture

4. Predict the head circumference of a person who is 66 inches tall. 5. Predict the height of an individual whose head circumference is 18 inches.

Concept Check

1. Choose the scatter plot with data that could best be modeled by a linear function. a.

y O

2. Identify the domain and range of the relation in the graph at the right. Predict the value of y when x 5. 3. OPEN ENDED Write a different prediction equation for the data in Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82.

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 4 and 5. a. Draw a scatter plot. b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value. 4. SCIENCE Whether you are climbing a mountain or flying in an airplane, the higher you go, the colder the air gets. The table shows the temperature in the atmosphere at various altitudes. Altitude (ft) Temp (°C)

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

15.0

13.0

11.0

9.1

7.1

Source: NASA

5. TELEVISION As more channels have been added, cable television has become attractive to more viewers. The table shows the number of U.S. households with cable service in some recent years. Year Households (millions)

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2010

Source: Nielsen Media Research

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples

Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 83

Practice and Apply Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 6–9. For Exercises

See Examples

6–21

1, 2

Extra Practice See page 831.

a. Draw a scatter plot. b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value. 6. SAFETY All states and the District of Columbia have enacted laws setting 21 as the minimum drinking age. The table shows the estimated cumulative number of lives these laws have saved by reducing traffic fatalities. Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2010

Lives (1000s)

15.7

16.5

17.4

18.2

19.1

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

7. HOCKEY Each time a hockey player scores a goal, up to two teammates may be credited with assists. The table shows the number of goals and assists for some of the members of the Detroit Red Wings in the 2000–2001 NHL season. Goals

Assists

Source: www.detroitredwings.com

8. HEALTH Bottled water has become very popular. The table shows the number of gallons of bottled water consumed per person in some recent years. A scatter plot of loan payments can help you analyze home loans. Visit www.algebra2. com/webquest to continue work on your WebQuest project.

Year Gallons

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

2010

8.2

9.4

10.7

11.6

12.5

13.1

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

9. THEATER Broadway, in New York City, is the center of American theater. The table shows the total revenue of all Broadway plays for some recent seasons. Season Revenue ($ millions)

’95–’96 ’96 –’97 ’97–’98 ’98–’99 ’99 –’00 ’09 –’10 436

499

558

588

603

Source: The League of American Theatres and Producers, Inc.

MEDICINE For Exercises 10–12, use the graph that shows how much Americans spent on doctors’ visits in some recent years. 10. Write a prediction equation from the data for 1990, 1995, and 2000.

USA TODAY Snapshots® Cost of seeing the doctor How much Americans spend a year on doctor visits:

11. Use your equation to predict the amount for 2005.

1990

12. Compare your prediction to the one given in the graph.

1995

$563

$739

$906

20001

$1,172

20051

1 — projected Source: U.S. Health Care Financing Administration By Mark Pearson and Jerry Mosemak, USA TODAY

84 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

FINANCE For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information. Della has $1000 that she wants to invest in the stock market. She is considering buying stock in either Company 1 or Company 2. The values of the stocks at the ends of the last four months are shown in the tables below. Company 1 Share Price ($)

Month

Finance A financial analyst can advise people about how to invest their money and plan for retirement.

Online Research For information about a career as a financial analyst, visit: www.algebra2.com/ careers

Company 2 Month

Share Price ($)

Aug.

25.13

Aug.

31.25

Sept.

22.94

Sept.

32.38

Oct.

24.19

Oct.

32.06

Nov.

22.56

Nov.

32.44

13. Based only on these data, which stock should Della buy? Explain. 14. Do you think investment decisions should be based on this type of reasoning? If not, what other factors should be considered? GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 15–18, use the table below that shows the elevation and average precipitation for selected cities. Elevation (feet)

Average Precip. (inches)

Elevation (feet)

Average Precip. (inches)

London, England

203

Algiers, Algeria

Istanbul, Turkey

108

Paris, France

213

Bucharest, Romania

298

Montreal, Canada

118

Budapest, Hungary

456

Stockholm, Sweden

171

Toronto, Canada

567

Berlin, Germany

190

City Rome, Italy

City

Source: World Meteorological Association

15. Draw a scatter plot with elevation as the independent variable. 16. Write a prediction equation. 17. Predict the average annual precipitation for Dublin, Ireland, which has an elevation of 279 feet. 18. Compare your prediction to the actual value of 29 inches. CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises 19 and 20, use the table that shows the percent of people ages 25 and over with a high school diploma over the last few decades. 19. Use a prediction equation to predict the percent in 2010. 20. Do you think your prediction is accurate? Explain.

duates

High School Gra Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

21. RESEARCH Use the Internet or other resource to look up the population of your community or state in several past years. Use a prediction equation to predict the population in some future year.

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz

1999

Percent 52.3 62.5 66.5 73.9 77.6 81.7 83.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 85

22. WRITING IN MATH

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

How can a linear equation model the number of Calories you burn exercising? Include the following in your answer: • a scatter plot and a prediction equation for the data, and • a prediction of the number of Calories burned in an hour by a 140-pound person running at 9 miles per hour, with a comparison of your predicted value with the actual value of 953.

Standardized Test Practice

23. Which line best fits the data in the graph at the right? A C

yx y 0.5x 4

y 0.5x 4 D y 0.5 0.5x B

3 2

24. A prediction equation for a set of data is y 0.63x 4.51. For which x value is the predicted y value 6.4? A C

Extending the Lesson

3 6

4.5 D 8.54

1 O

For Exercises 25–30, use the following information. A median-fit line is a particular type of line of fit. Follow the steps below to find the equation of the median-fit line for the data. Federal and State Prisoners (per 100,000 U.S. citizens) Year

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

1999

Prisoners

217

247

297

332

389

427

461

476

Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics

25. Divide the data into three approximately equal groups. There should always be the same number of points in the first and third groups. Find x1, x2, and x3, the medians of the x values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Find y1, y2, and y3, the medians of the y values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 26. Find an equation of the line through (x1, y1) and (x3, y3). 27. Find Y, the y-coordinate of the point on the line in Exercise 26 with an x-coordinate of x2. 28. The median-fit line is parallel to the line in Exercise 26, but is one-third closer to (x2, y2). This means it passes through x2, Y y2 . Find this ordered pair. 2 3

1 3

29. Write an equation of the median-fit line. 30. Predict the number of prisoners per 100,000 citizens in 2005 and 2010.

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions. (Lesson 2-4)

32. passes through (5, 3) and (2, 0)

31. slope 4, passes through (0, 6) 4x 3

Find each value if g(x) 7. (Lesson 2-1) 33. g(3)

34. g(0)

35. g(2)

36. g(4)

37. Solve x 4 3. (Lesson 1-6)

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

PREREQUISITE SKILL Find each absolute value. (To review absolute value, see Lesson 1-4.) 38. 3

86 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

39. 11

40. 0

41.

3 2

42. 1.5

A Follow-Up of Lesson 2-5

Lines of Regression You can use a TI-83 Plus graphing calculator to find a line that best fits a set of data. This line is called a regression line or line of best fit . You can also use the calculator to draw scatter plots and make predictions.

INCOME

The table shows the median income of U.S. families for the period 1970–1998. Year

1970

1980

1985

1990

1995

1998

Income ($)

9867

21,023

27,735

35,353

40,611

46,737

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Find and graph a regression equation. Then predict the median income in 2010.

Find a regression equation. • Enter the years in L1 and the incomes in L2. STAT ENTER 1970 ENTER KEYSTROKES: • Find the regression equation by selecting LinReg(axb) on the STAT CALC menu. STAT KEYSTROKES: 4 ENTER

Graph the regression equation. • Use STAT PLOT to graph a scatter plot. KEYSTROKES: 2nd [STAT PLOT] ENTER ENTER • Select the scatter plot, L1 as the Xlist, and L2 as the Ylist. • Copy the equation to the Y list and graph. VARS 5 KEYSTROKES: 1

The regression equation is about y 1304.19x 2,560,335.07.

GRAPH

The slope indicates that family incomes were increasing at a rate of about $1300 per year. The number r is called the linear correlation coefficient . The closer the value of r is to 1 or 1, the closer the data points are to the line. If the values of r2 and r are not displayed, use DiagnosticOn from the CATALOG menu.

[1965, 2010] scl: 5 by [0, 50,000] scl: 10,000

Notice that the regression line does not pass through any of the data points, but comes close to all of them. The line fits the data very well.

Predict using the regression equation. • Find y when x 2010. Use value on the CALC menu. KEYSTROKES: 2nd CALC 1 2010 ENTER

According to the regression equation, the median family income in 2010 will be about $61,087.

www.algebra2.com/other_calculator_keystrokes

Investigating Slope-Intercept Form 87 Graphing Calculator Investigation 87

Graphing Calculator Investigation Exercises GOVERNMENT For Exercises 1–3, use the table below that shows the population and the number of representatives in Congress for selected states. State

Population (millions)

29.8

18.0

17.0

12.9

6.6

5.5

4.0

Representatives Source: The World Almanac

1. Make a scatter plot of the data. 2. Find a regression equation for the data. 3. Predict the number of representatives for Oregon, which has a population of about 2.8 million.

Year

Attendance (millions)

1985

18.4

1990

25.2

4. Make a scatter plot of the data.

1995

33.1

5. Find a regression equation for the data.

2000

37.6

BASEBALL For Exercises 4–6, use the table at the right that shows the total attendance for minor league baseball in some recent years.

Source: National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues

6. Predict the attendance in 2010.

TRANSPORTATION For Exercises 7–11, use the table below that shows the retail sales of motor vehicles in the United States for the period 1992–1999. Motor Vehicle Sales Year Vehicles (thousands)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

13,118

14,199

15,413

15,118

15,456

15,498

15,963

17,414

Source: American Automobile Manufacturers Association

7. Make a scatter plot of the data. 8. Find a regression equation for the data. 9. According to the regression equation, what was the average rate of change of vehicle sales during the period? 10. Predict the sales in 2010. 11. How accurate do you think your prediction is? Explain. RECREATION For Exercises 12–15, use the table at the right that shows the amount of money spent on skin diving and scuba equipment in some recent years. 12. Find a regression equation for the data.

Skin Diving and Scuba Equipment Year

Sales ($ millions)

1993

315

1994

322

1995

328

1996

340

13. Delete the outlier (1997, 332) from the data set. Then find a new regression equation for the data.

1997

332

1998

345

14. Use the new regression equation to predict the sales in 2010.

1999

363

15. Compare the new correlation coefficient to the old value and state whether the regression line fits the data better. Investigating Slope-Intercept Form

88 88 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Source: National Sporting Goods Association

Special Functions • Identify and graph step, constant, and identity functions.

Vocabulary • • • • • •

step function greatest integer function constant function identity function absolute value function piecewise function

• Identify and graph absolute value and piecewise functions.

do step functions apply to postage rates? The cost of the postage to mail a letter is a function of the weight of the letter. But the function is not linear. It is a special function called a step function .

Weight not over (ounces)

Price ($)

1 2 3 4 ...

0.34 0.55 0.76 0.97 ...

STEP FUNCTIONS, CONSTANT FUNCTIONS, AND THE IDENTITY FUNCTION The graph of a step function is not linear. It consists of line segments

or rays. The greatest integer function , written f(x) [[x]], is an example of a step function. The symbol [[x]] means the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example, [[7.3]] 7 and [[1.5]] 2 because 1 1.5. Study the table and graph below.

Study Tip

f(x) [[x]]

Greatest Integer Function Notice that the domain of this step function is all real numbers and the range is all integers.

f(x)

3 x 2

2 x 1

1 x 0

0x1

1x2

2x3

3x4

A dot means that the point is included in the graph. f (x ) f (x ) x O

A circle means that the point is not included in the graph.

Example 1 Step Function BUSINESS Labor costs at the Fix-It Auto Repair Shop are $60 per hour or any fraction thereof. Draw a graph that represents this situation.

Explore The total labor charge must be a multiple of $60, so the graph will be the graph of a step function.

Plan

If the time spent on labor is greater than 0 hours, but less than or equal to 1 hour, then the labor cost is $60. If the time is greater than 1 hour but less than or equal to 2 hours, then the labor cost is $120, and so on.

Solve

Use the pattern of times and costs to make a table, where x is the number of hours of labor and C(x) is the total labor cost. Then draw the graph. (continued on the next page) Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 89

C (x )

C(x)

0x1

$60

1x2

$120

2x3

$180

3x4

$240

4x5

$300

420 360 300 240 180 120 60 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Examine Since the shop rounds any fraction of an hour up to the next whole number, each segment on the graph has a circle at the left endpoint and a dot at the right endpoint.

You learned in Lesson 2-4 that the slope-intercept form of a linear function is y mx b, or in functional notation, f(x) mx b. When m 0, the value of the function is f(x) b for every x value. So, f(x) b is called a constant function. The function f(x) 0 is called the zero function.

Example 2 Constant Function Graph f(x) 3. For every value of x, f(x) 3. The graph is a horizontal line.

Another special case of slopeintercept form is m 1, b 0. This is the function f(x) x. The graph is the line through the origin with slope 1. Since the function does not change the input value, f(x) x is called the identity function .

f(x) 3 x

f (x ) f (x ) 3

f(x)

0.5

1 3

f (x )

f(x) x x

f(x)

0.5

1 3

f (x ) x

Study Tip Absolute Value Function Notice that the domain is all real numbers and the range is all nonnegative real numbers.

ABSOLUTE VALUE AND PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS Another special function is the absolute value function , f(x) x.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

f(x) x x

f(x)

f (x ) f (x ) x

The absolute value function can be written as f(x)

Study Tip Look Back To review families of graphs, see Lesson 2-3.

xx ifif xx 00. A function

that is written using two or more expressions is called a piecewise function. Recall that a family of graphs is a group of graphs that displays one or more similar characteristics. The parent graph of most absolute value functions is y x.

Example 3 Absolute Value Functions Graph f(x) x 1 and g(x) x 2 on the same coordinate plane. Determine the similarities and differences in the two graphs. Find several ordered pairs for each function. x

x 1

x 2 0

Graph the points and connect them. • The domain of each function is all real numbers. • The range of f(x) x 1 is {yy 1}. The range of g(x) x 2 is {yy 2}. • The graphs have the same shape, but different y-intercepts. • The graph of g(x) x 2 is the graph of f(x) x 1 translated down 3 units.

f (x ) x 1 f (x )

g (x ) x 2

You can also use a graphing calculator to investigate families of absolute value graphs.

TEACHING TIP Families of Absolute Value Graphs The calculator screen shows the graphs of y x, y 2x, y 3x, and y 5x.

y 5 x

y 3 x

y 2 x

Think and Discuss

1. What do these graphs have in common? y x

2. Describe how the graph of y ax changes as a increases. Assume a 0. 3. Write an absolute value function whose graph [8, 8] scl: 1 by [2, 10] scl: 1 is between the graphs of y 2x and y 3x. 4. Graph y x and y x on the same screen. Then graph y 2x and y 2x on the same screen. What is true in each case? 5. In general, what is true about the graph of y ax when a 0?

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples

Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 91

To graph other piecewise functions, examine the inequalities in the definition of the function to determine how much of each piece to include.

Example 4 Piecewise Function Study Tip Graphs of Piecewise Functions The graphs of each part of a piecewise function may or may not connect. A graph may stop at a given x value and then begin again at a different y value for the same x value.

Graph f(x) x 4 if x 2 . Identify the domain and range. 1 if x 2

Step 1

Step 2

Graph the linear function f(x) x 4 for x 2. Since 2 does not satisfy this inequality, stop with an open circle at (2, 2).

f (x )

Graph the constant function f(x) 1 for x 2. Since 2 does satisfy this inequality, begin with a closed circle at (2, 1) and draw a horizontal ray to the right.

The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is all real numbers. The values that are y-coordinates of points on the graph are 1 and all real numbers less than 2, so the range is {y| y 2 or y 1}.

Special Functions Step Function

Constant Function

f (x )

horizontal segments and rays

Piecewise Function

Absolute Value Function

f (x )

horizontal line

V-shape

different rays, segments, and curves

Example 5 Identify Functions Determine whether each graph represents a step function, a constant function, an absolute value function, or a piecewise function. a.

f (x )

x O

The graph has multiple horizontal segments. It represents a step function.

Concept Check

The graph is a horizontal line. It represents a constant function.

1. Find a counterexample to the statement To find the greatest integer function of x when x is not an integer, round x to the nearest integer. 2. Evaluate g(4.3) if g(x) [[x 5]]. 3. OPEN ENDED Write a function involving absolute value for which f(2) 3.

92 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Guided Practice GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for piecewise. 4.

f (x )

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. 6. f(x) [[x]] 7. g(x) [[2x]] 8. h(x) x 4 10. g(x)

Application

9. f(x) 3x 2

1 if x 0

x 2 if x 0

11. h(x)

x 3 if x 1 2x if x 1

PARKING For Exercises 12–14, use the following information. A downtown parking lot charges $2 for the first hour and $1 for each additional hour or part of an hour. 12. What type of special function models this situation? 13. Draw a graph of a function that represents this situation. 1 2

14. Use the graph to find the cost of parking there for 4 hours.

Practice and Apply Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for piecewise. For Exercises

See Examples

15–20 21–29 30–37, 45–47, 49 38–41, 44, 48 42, 43

5 1 3

15.

16.

f (x )

17.

f (x )

2, 4 1, 3

Extra Practice See page 831.

18.

19.

f (x )

20.

f (x )

x O

21. TRANSPORTATION Bluffton High School chartered buses so the student body could attend the girls’ basketball state tournament games. Each bus held a maximum of 60 students. Draw a graph of a step function that shows the relationship between the number of students x who went to the game and the number of buses y that were needed.

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Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 93

TELEPHONE RATES For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following information. Sarah has a long-distance telephone plan where she pays 10¢ for each minute or part of a minute that she talks, regardless of the time of day. 22. Graph a step function that represents this situation. 23. Sarah made a call to her brother that lasted 9 minutes and 40 seconds. How much did the call cost? Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. 24. f(x) [[x 3]] 25. g(x) [[x 2]] 26. f(x) 2[[x]] 27. h(x) 3[[x]] 28. g(x) [[x]] 3 29. f(x) [[ x]] 1 30. f(x) 2x

31. h(x) x

32. g(x) x 3

33. g(x) x 4

34. h(x) x 3

35. f(x) x 2



1 4



36. f(x) x

x2 ifif xx 33

39. h(x)

11 ifif xx 2 2

40. f(x)

41. g(x)

x if x 3 2 if 3 x 1 2x 2 if x 1

1 if x 2 x if 2 x 2 x 1 if x 2

43. g(x) [[x]]

44. Write the function shown in the graph.

Nutrition

Source: The World Almanac



38. f(x)

42. f(x) [[x]]

Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits and juices, cantaloupe, broccoli, brussels sprouts, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and cabbage.

1 2

37. f(x) x

f (x )

NUTRITION For Exercises 45–47, use the following information. The recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C is 2 micrograms per day. 45. Write an absolute value function for the difference between the number of micrograms of vitamin C you ate today x and the recommended amount. 46. What is an appropriate domain for the function? 47. Use the domain to graph the function. 48. INSURANCE According to the terms of Lavon’s insurance plan, he must pay the first $300 of his annual medical expenses. The insurance company pays 80% of the rest of his medical expenses. Write a function for how much the insurance company pays if x represents Lavon’s annual medical expenses. 49. CRITICAL THINKING Graph |x| |y| 3. 50. WRITING IN MATH

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

How do step functions apply to postage rates? Include the following in your answer: • an explanation of why a step function is the best model for this situation, while your gas mileage as a function of time as you drive to the post office cannot be modeled with a step function, and • a graph of a function that represents the cost of a first-class letter. 94 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Standardized Test Practice

51. For which function does f 1?

f(x) 2x

f(x) [[ x]]

f(x) [[ 2x]]

52. For which function is the range {yy 0}? A f(x) x B f(x) [[ x]] C f(x) x

f(x) x

f(x) 2x

1 2

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

HEALTH For Exercises 53–55, use the table that shows the life expectancy for people born in various years. (Lesson 2-5) Year

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1997

Expectancy

68.2

69.7

70.8

73.7

75.4

76.5

Source: National Center for Health Statistics

53. Draw a scatter plot in which x is the number of years since 1950. 54. Find a prediction equation. 55. Predict the life expectancy of a person born in 2010. Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions. (Lesson 2-4)

57. passes through (0, 2) and (4, 2)

56. slope 3, passes through (2, 4)

Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set. (Lesson 1-5) 58. 3x 5 4

Getting Ready for the Next Lesson

59. 28 6y 23

PREREQUISITE SKILL Determine whether (0, 0) satisfies each inequality. Write yes or no. (To review inequalities, see Lesson 1-5.) 3 4

60. y 2x 3

61. y x 1

62. y x 5

63. 2x 6y 3 0

64. y x

65. x y 3

P ractice Quiz 2

Lessons 2-4 through 2-6 2

1. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with slope that passes 3 through (2, 5). (Lesson 2-4) BASKETBALL For Exercises 2–4, use the following information. On August 26, 2000, the Houston Comets beat the New York Liberty to win their fourth straight WNBA championship. The table shows the heights and weights of the Comets who played in that final game. (Lesson 2-5) Height (in.)

Weight (lb)

178

147

195

150

138

190

Source: WNBA

2. Draw a scatter plot. 3. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. 4. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value. 5. Graph f(x) x 1. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6) Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 95

Graphing Inequalities • Graph linear inequalities. • Graph absolute value inequalities.

Vocabulary • boundary

do inequalities apply to fantasy football? Dana has Vikings receiver Randy Moss as a player on his online fantasy football team. Dana gets 5 points per receiving yard that Moss gets and 100 points per touchdown that Moss scores. He considers 1000 points or more to be a good game. Dana can use a linear inequality to check whether certain combinations of yardage and touchdowns, such as those in the table, result in 1000 points or more.

GRAPH LINEAR INEQUALITIES A linear inequality resembles a linear equation, but with an inequality symbol instead of an equals symbol. For example, y 2x 1 is a linear inequality and y 2x 1 is the related linear equation. The graph of the inequality y 2x 1 is the shaded region. Every point in the shaded region satisfies the inequality. The graph of y 2x 1 is the boundary of the region. It is drawn as a solid line to show that points on the line satisfy the inequality. If the inequality symbol were or , then points on the boundary would not satisfy the inequality, so the boundary would be drawn as a dashed line.

y y 2x 1

y ≤ 2x 1

You can graph an inequality by following these steps. Step 1

Determine whether the boundary should be solid or dashed. Graph the boundary.

Step 2

Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality.

Step 3

If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point. If a false inequality results, shade the other region.

Example 1 Dashed Boundary Graph 2x 3y 6. The boundary is the graph of 2x 3y 6. Since the inequality symbol is , 2 3

the boundary will be dashed. Use the slope-intercept form, y x 2. y

Now test the point (0, 0). The point (0, 0) is usually a good

2x 3y 6

point to test because it results in easy calculations.

TEACHING TIP

2x 3y 6

Original inequality

2(0) 3(0) 6 (x, y) (0, 0) 06

false

Shade the region that does not contain (0, 0). 96 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Inequalities can sometimes be used to model real-world situations.

Example 2 Solid Boundary BUSINESS A mail-order company is hiring temporary employees to help in their packing and shipping departments during their peak season. a. Write an inequality to describe the number of employees that can be assigned to each department if the company has 20 temporary employees available. Let p be the number of employees assigned to packing and let s be the number assigned to shipping. Since the company can assign at most 20 employees total to the two departments, use a symbol.

twenty.

}

To review translating verbal expressions to inequalities, see Lesson 1-5.

is at most

}

Look Back

and

the number of employees for shipping

}

Study Tip

The number of employees for packing

b. Graph the inequality. Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the related linear equation p + s = 20 is solid. This is the boundary of the inequality. Test (0, 0). p s 20

Original inequality

0 0 20

(p, s) (0, 0)

0 20

true

32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 O

x y = 20

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 p

Shade the region that contains (0, 0). Since the variables cannot be negative, shade only the part in the first quadrant.

c. Can the company assign 8 employees to packing and 10 employees to shipping? The point (8, 10) is in the shaded region, so it satisfies the inequality. The company can assign 8 employees to packing and 10 to shipping.

GRAPH ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES Graphing absolute value inequalities is similar to graphing linear inequalities. The inequality symbol determines whether the boundary is solid or dashed, and you can test a point to determine which region to shade.

Example 3 Absolute Value Inequality Graph y x 1. Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the related equation y x 1 is dashed. Graph the equation. Test (0, 0). y x 1 Original inequality

y x 1 O

0 0 1 (x, y) = (0, 0) 001

0 = 0

true

Shade the region that includes (0, 0).

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Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 97

Concept Check

1. Write an inequality for the graph at the right.

2. Explain how to determine which region to shade when graphing an inequality. 3. OPEN ENDED Write an absolute value inequality for which the boundary is solid and the solution is the region above the graph of the related equation.

Guided Practice

Application GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

Graph each inequality. 4. y 2

5. y 2x 3

6. x y 0

7. x 2y 5

8. y 2x

9. y 3x 1

SHOPPING For Exercises 10–12, use the following information. Gwen wants to buy some cassettes that cost $10 each and some CDs that cost $13 each. She has $40 to spend. 10. Write an inequality to represent the situation, where c is the number of cassettes she buys and d is the number of CDs. 11. Graph the inequality. 12. Can she buy 3 cassettes and 2 CDs? Explain.

Practice and Apply Graph each inequality. For Exercises

See Examples

13–24, 31, 32 25–30, 41 33–40

1, 2 3 2

Extra Practice See page 832.

13. x y 5

14. 3 x 3y

15. y 6x 2

16. x 5 y

17. y 4x 3

18. y 2 3x

19. y 1

20. y 1 4

21. 4x 5y 10 0

22. x 6y 3 0

23. y x 5

24. y x 5

25. y x

26. y 4x

27. y x 3

28. y x 1 2

29. x y 1

30. x y

1 3

1 2

31. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane to the left of the graph of x 2. Write an inequality to describe these points. 32. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane below the graph of y 3x 5. Write an inequality to describe these points. SCHOOL For Exercises 33 and 34, use the following information. Rosa’s professor says that the midterm exam will count for 40% of each student’s grade and the final exam will count for 60%. A score of at least 90 is required for an A. 33. The inequality 0.4x 0.6y 90 represents this situation, where x is the midterm score and y is the final exam score. Graph this inequality. 34. If Rosa scores 85 on the midterm and 95 on the final, will she get an A? DRAMA For Exercises 35–37, use the following information. Tickets for the Prestonville High School Drama Club’s spring play cost $4 for adults and $3 for students. In order to cover expenses, at least $2000 worth of tickets must be sold. 35. Write an inequality that describes this situation. 36. Graph the inequality. 37. If 180 adult and 465 student tickets are sold, will the club cover its expenses? 98 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

FINANCE For Exercises 38–40, use the following information. Carl Talbert estimates that he will need to earn at least $9000 per year combined in dividend income from the two stocks he owns to supplement his retirement plan.

Dividend per Share

Company Able Rentals

$1.20

Best Bikes

$1.80

38. Write and graph an inequality for this situation. 39. Will he make enough from 3000 shares of each company? 40. CRITICAL THINKING Graph y x. 41. WRITING IN MATH

Finance

How do inequalities apply to fantasy football? Include the following in your answer: • an inequality, and an explanation of how you obtained it, to represent a good game for Randy Moss in Dana’s fantasy football league, • a graph of your inequality (remember that the number of touchdowns cannot be negative, but receiving yardage can be), and • which of the games with statistics in the table qualify as good games.

A dividend is a payment from a company to an investor. It is a way to make money on a stock without selling it.

Standardized Test Practice

Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson.

42. Which could be the inequality for the graph? B y 3x 2 y 3x 2 D y 3x 2 y 3x 2 43. Which point satisfies y 5x 3? A

A C

(2, 2) (3, 7)

(1, 3) (2, 4)

Graphing SHADE( COMMAND You can graph inequalities with a graphing calculator by Calculator using the Shade( command located in the DRAW menu. You must enter two functions. • • • •

The first function defines the lower boundary of the region to be shaded. The second function defines the upper boundary of the region. If the inequality is “y ,” use the Ymin window value as the lower boundary. If the inequality is “y ,” use the Ymax window value as the upper boundary.

Graph each inequality. 44. y 3

45. y x 2

46. y 2x 4

47. x 7 y

Maintain Your Skills Mixed Review

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6) 49. g(x) x 1

48. f(x) [[x]] 4

50. h(x) x 3

SALES For Exercises 51–53, use the table that shows the years of experience for eight sales representatives and their sales during a given period of time. (Lesson 2-5) Years Sales ($)

9000

6000

4000

3000

6000

5000

8000

2000

51. Draw a scatter plot. 52. Find a prediction equation. 53. Predict the sales for a representative with 8 years of experience. Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3) 54. 4x 9 23

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55. 11 2y 5

56. 2z 3 6z 1 Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 99

Vocabulary and Concept Check absolute value function (p. 90) bivariate data (p. 81) boundary (p. 96) Cartesian coordinate plane (p. 56) constant function (p. 90) dependent variable (p. 59) domain (p. 56) family of graphs (p. 70) function (p. 57) functional notation (p. 59) greatest integer function (p. 89) identity function (p. 90)

independent variable (p. 59) linear equation (p. 63) linear function (p. 63) line of fit (p. 81) mapping (p. 57) one-to-one function (p. 57) ordered pair (p. 56) parent graph (p. 70) piecewise function (p. 91) point-slope form (p. 76) prediction equation (p. 81) quadrant (p. 56)

range (p. 56) rate of change (p. 69) relation (p. 56) scatter plot (p. 81) slope (p. 68) slope-intercept form (p. 75) standard form (p. 64) step function (p. 89) vertical line test (p. 57) x-intercept (p. 65) y-intercept (p. 65)

Choose the correct term to complete each sentence. 1. The (constant, identity) function is a linear function described by f(x) x. 2. The graph of the (absolute value, greatest integer) function forms a V-shape. 3. The (slope-intercept, standard) form of the equation of a line is Ax By C, where A and B are not both zero. 4. Two lines in the same plane having the same slope are (parallel, perpendicular). 5. The (domain, range) is the set of all x-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation. 6. The set of all y-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation is the (domain, range). 7. The ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the corresponding change in x-coordinates is called the (slope, y-intercept) of a line. 8. The (line of fit, vertical line test) can be used to determine if a relation is a function.

2-1 Relations and Functions See pages 56–62.

Example

Concept Summary • A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set of all x-coordinates, and the range is the set of all y-coordinates. • A function is a relation where each member of the domain is paired with exactly one member of the range. y

Graph the relation {(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 5)} and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation is a function.

(2, 5)

The domain is {3, 0, 2}, and the range is {1, 2, 5}.

(0, 2)

Graph the ordered pairs. Since each x value is paired with exactly one y value, the relation is a function.

(3, 1) O

100 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

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Chapter 2

Study Guide and Review

Exercises Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation or equation is a function. See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 57 and 58.

10. {(5, 2), (2, 4), (1, 1), (5, 2)} 12. y 2x 1

9. {(6, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} 11. y 0.5x

Find each value if f(x) 5x 9. See Example 5 on page 59. 13. f(6)

14. f(2)

15. f(y)

16. f(2v)

2-2 Linear Equations See pages 63–67.

Example

Concept Summary • A linear equation is an equation whose graph is a line. A linear function can be written in the form f(x) mx b. • The standard form of a linear equation is Ax By C. Write 2x 6 y 8 in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. 2x 6 = y 8 Original equation 2x y 6 8 2x y 14

Subtract y from each side. Add 6 to each side.

The standard form is 2x y 14. So, A 2, B 1, and C 14. Exercises State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain your reasoning. See Example 1 on page 63. 17. 3x2 y 6

18. 2x y 11

19. h(x) 2x 1

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. See Example 3 on page 64. 20. y 7x 15

21. 0.5x 0.2y 0.4

2 3 22. x y 6 3

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph the equation. See Example 4 on page 65. 1 5

23. y x 4

24. 6x 12y 48

25. y x 9

2-3 Slope See pages 68–74.

Concept Summary • The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the corresponding change in x-coordinates.

x 2 x1

y y x2 x1

(x 1, y 1)

2 1 m

• Lines with the same slope are parallel. Lines with slopes

(x 2, y 2)

y 2 y1

that are opposite reciprocals are perpendicular.

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 101

Chapter 2

Example

Study Guide and Review

Find the slope of the line that passes through (5, 3) and (7, 9). y y x2 x1

2 1 m

Slope formula

93 7 (5) 6 1 or 12 2

Exercises

(x1, y1) (5, 3), (x2, y2) (7, 9) Simplify.

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.

See Example 1 on page 68.

26. (6, 3), (6, 7)

27. (5.5, 5.5), (11, 7)

28. (3, 24), (10, 41)

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. See Example 2 on page 69.

5 2

29. (0, 1), m 2

1 4

30. (3, 2), m

31. (5, 2), m

Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions. See Examples 4 and 5 on pages 70 and 71.

32. 33. 34. 35.

passes through (2, 0), parallel to a line whose slope is 3 1 passes through (1, 2), perpendicular to a line whose slope is 2 passes through (4, 1), perpendicular to graph of 2x 3y 1 passes through (2, 2), parallel to graph of 2x y 4

2-4 Writing Linear Equations See pages 75–80.

Example

Concept Summary • Slope-Intercept Form: y mx b • Point-Slope Form: y y1 m(x x1) Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line through (4, 5) that is parallel to the line through (1, 3) and (2, 1). 2 The parallel line will also have slope . First, find the slope of the given line. y2 y1 m x2 x1

Slope formula

1 (3) 2 (1)

(x1, y1) = (1, 3), (x2, y2) (2, 1)

2 3

Simplify.

y y1 m(x x1) 2 3 2 7 y x 3 3

y 5 (x 4)

Point-slope form 2 3

(x1, y1) (4, 5), m Slope-intercept form

Exercises Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of conditions. See Examples 1, 2, and 4 on pages 76–78. 3 4

36. slope , passes through (6, 9) 37. passes through (3, 8) and (3, 2) 38. passes through (1, 2), parallel to the graph of x 3y 14 39. passes through (3, 2), perpendicular to the graph of 4x 3y 12 102 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Chapter 2

Study Guide and Review

2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: See pages 81–86.

Using Scatter Plots

Concept Summary • A scatter plot is a graph of ordered pairs of data. • A prediction equation can be used to predict one of the variables given the other variable. WEEKLY PAY The table below shows the median weekly earnings for American workers for the period 1985–1999. Predict the median weekly earnings for 2010. Year

1985

1990

1995

1999

2010

Earnings ($)

343

412

479

549

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

A scatter plot suggests that any two points could be used to find a prediction equation. Use (1985, 343) and (1990, 412). y y x2 x1

2 1 m

412 343 1990 1985 69 or 13.8 5

Median Weekly Earnings 700 600

Slope formula (x1, y1) (1985, 343), (x2, y2) (1990, 412)

Earnings ($)

Example

500

479 343 549

400 300

412

200 100 0

Simplify.

1985

y y1 m(x x1)

Point-slope form

y 343 13.8(x 1985) Substitute.

1990 1995 Year

2000

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

y 13.8x 27,050 Add 343 to each side.

C02 099C 827999

To predict the earnings for 2010, substitute 2010 for x. y 13.8(2010) 27,050 688

x 2010 Simplify.

The model predicts median weekly earnings of $688 in 2010. Exercises For Exercises 40–42, use the table that shows the number of people below the poverty level for the period 1980–1998. See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82. 40. Draw a scatter plot. 41. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. 42. Use your prediction equation to predict the number for 2010.

Year

People (millions)

1980

29.3

1985

33.1

1990

33.6

1995

36.4

1998

34.5

2010

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 103

• Extra Practice, see pages 830–832. • Mixed Problem Solving, see page 863.

2-6 Special Functions See pages 89–95.

Concept Summary Greatest Integer f (x )

Constant

Absolute Value

Piecewise f (x )

f (x )

f (x ) x

O O

Example

f (x ) |x |

Graph the function f(x) 3x 2. Identify the domain and range. The domain is all real numbers. The range is all real numbers greater than or equal to 2.

Exercises

f (x ) 3|x | 2

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

See Examples 1–3 on pages 89–91.

43. f(x) [[x]] 2

44. h(x) [[2x 1]]

46. h(x) x 1 7

47. f(x)

45. g(x) x 4

1 48. g(x) 2x 3 if x 1 x 21 ifif xx 1 x 4 if x 1

2-7 Graphing Inequalities See pages 96–99.

Concept Summary You can graph an inequality by following these steps. Step 1 Determine whether the boundary is solid or dashed. Graph the boundary. Step 2 Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality. Step 3 If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point. If a false inequality results, shade the other region.

Example

Graph x 4y 4.

Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the boundary should be solid. Graph the equation. Test (0, 0). x + 4y 4 Original inequality 0 4(0) 4 (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 4 Shade the region that contains (0, 0). Exercises

x 4y 4 O

Graph each inequality. See Examples 1–3 on pages 96 and 97.

49. y 3x 5 52. 2x y 3 104 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

50. x y 1 53. y x 2

51. y 0.5x 4 54. y x 3

Practice Test Vocabulary and Concepts Choose the correct term to complete each sentence. 1. The variable whose values make up the domain of a function is called the (independent, dependent) variable. 2. To find the (x-intercept, y-intercept) of the graph of a linear equation, let y 0. 3. An equation of the form (Ax By C, y mx b) is in slope-intercept form.

Skills and Applications Graph each relation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation is a function. 4. {(4, 8), (2, 2), (0, 5), (2, 3), (4, 9)}

5. y 3x 3

Find each value. 6. f(3) if f(x) 7 x2

7. f(0) if f(x) = x 3x2

Graph each equation or inequality. 3 5

8. y x 4

9. 4x y 2

11. y 2x 5

12. f(x) 3x 1

14. g(x) x 2

15. h(x)

17. x 6

18. 2x 5 3y

10. x 4 13. f(x) [[3x]] 3

2xx 21 ifif xx 2 2

16. y 10 19. y 4x 1

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. 20. (8, 4), (6, 1)

22. (5, 7), (4, 6)

21. (2, 5), (4, 5)

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. 23. (1, 3), 2

1 3

24. (2, 2),

25. (3, 2), undefined

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 27. x-intercept 9, y-intercept 4 26. slope 5, y-intercept 11 28. passes through (6, 15), parallel to the graph of 2x 3y 1 29. passes through (5, 2), perpendicular to the graph of x 3y 7 RECREATION For Exercises 30–32, use the table that shows the amount Americans spent on recreation in recent years.

Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

Amount ($ billions)

401.6

429.6

457.8

494.7

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 30. Draw a scatter plot, where x represents the number of years since 1995. 31. Write a prediction equation. 32. Predict the amount that will be spent on recreation in 2010.

33. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE What is the slope of a line parallel to y 2 4(x 1)? 1 1 A 4 B C D 4 4

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Chapter 2 Practice Test 105

Part 1 Multiple Choice Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper. 1. In the figure, B and BCD are right angles. C is 9 units, A B is 12 units, and C D is 8 units. B What is the area, in square units, of ACD? A

135

B 9

2. If x 3 is an even integer, then x could be which of the following? A

3. What is the slope of the line that contains the points (15, 7) and (6, 4)? A C

1 4 3 8

B D

1 3 2 3

1 3

14%

2 7

3s.

4s.

5s.

6s.

7. Which of the following sets of numbers has the property that the product of any two numbers is also a number in the set? I the set of positive numbers II the set of prime numbers III the set of even integers A I only B

II only

III only

I and III only

3x 7x 3 A 7

10%

16%

3 7

8. If , then x ______.

4. In 2000, Matt had a collection of 30 music CDs. Since then he has given away 2 CDs, purchased 6 new CDs, and traded 3 of his CDs to Kashan for 4 of Kashan’s CDs. Since 2000, what has been the percent of increase in the number of CDs in Matt’s collection? A

6. If one side of a triangle is three times as long as a second side and the second side is s units long, then the length of the third side of the triangle can be

9. The average (arithmetic mean) of r, s, x, and y is 8, and the average of x and y is 4. What is the average of r and s? A

2 3

5. If the product of (2 3), (3 4), and (4 5) is equal to three times the sum of 40 and x, then x ______. A

105

195

106 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Test-Taking Tip Questions 1–9 On multiple-choice questions, try to compute the answer first. Then compare your answer to the given answer choices. If you don’t find your answer among the choices, check your calculations.

Preparing for Standardized Tests For test-taking strategies and more practice, see pages 877– 892.

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In

Part 3 Extended Response

Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper. 7

10. If n is a prime integer such that 2n 19 n 8 what is one possible value of n? 11. If A C is 2 units, what is the value of t? 3t

1 x

Weight (lb)

Shipping ($)

5.58

6.76

7.35

9.12

y˚

10.89

12.66

13.84

13. In ABC, what is the value of w x y z?

w˚

For Exercises 18–23, use the information below and in the table. The amount that a certain online retailer charges for shipping an electronics purchase is determined by the weight of the package. The charges for several different weights are given in the table below. Electronics Shipping Charges

12. If 0.85x 8.5, what is the value of ?

60˚

Record your answers on a sheet of paper. Show your work.

x˚

z˚

14. In an election, a total of 4000 votes were cast for three candidates, A, B, and C. Candidate C received 800 votes. If candidate B received more votes than candidate C and candidate A received more votes than candidate B, what is the least number of votes that candidate A could have received? 15. If the points P(2, 3), Q(2, 5), and R(2, 3) are vertices of a triangle, what is the area of the triangle? 16. How many of the first one hundred positive integers contain the digit 7? 17. A triangle has a base of length 17, and the other two sides are equal in length. If the lengths of the sides of the triangle are integers, what is the shortest possible length of a side?

www.algebra2.com/standardized_test

18. Write a relation to represent the data. Use weight as the independent variable and the shipping charge as the dependent variable. 19. Graph the relation on a coordinate plane. 20. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning. 21. Find the rate of change of the shipping charge per pound. 22. Write an equation that could be used to find the shipping charge y for a package that weighs x pounds. 23. Find the shipping charge for a package that weighs 19 pounds. Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice 107